chore: merge dev-2.9.1 into dev-26.10.0

src/backend/auth/provisioning.ts

@@ -198,6 +198,25 @@ async function mayClaimLegacyAccount(
   const links = await createCurrentUserAuthRepository().listIdentitiesForUser(
     legacy.id,
   );
+  // An unscoped legacy subject may already have been migrated under a
+  // different provider. Creating another account loses access to the old
+  // data; claiming it automatically could cross an identity-provider boundary.
+  if (
+    legacy.ssoProviderId == null &&
+    identity.ssoProviderId != null &&
+    identity.legacyIdentifier === identity.subject &&
+    links.some(
+      (link) =>
+        link.subject === identity.subject &&
+        link.providerId !== identity.provider,
+    )
+  ) {
+    throw new LoginMethodError(
+      "A legacy SSO account has an unresolved provider mapping. Ask an administrator to verify and repair its identity mapping before signing in.",
+      409,
+      "legacy_identity_conflict",
+    );
+  }
   return links.length === 0;
 }
 

src/backend/database/database.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { getErrorMessage } from "../utils/error-message.js";
 import { sshOptionsForWrite } from "../hosts/ssh-options.js";
 import {
-  applyDefaultsAfterHostWrite,
+  applyDefaultsAfterHostWrites,
   applyHostDefaultsToWrite,
 } from "../hosts/defaults/index.js";
 import { recompute } from "../hosts/defaults/recompute.js";
@@ -687,6 +687,11 @@ app.post("/database/export", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
     });
 
     const exportDb = new Database(tempPath);
+    // A scratch file: without these every row is its own synced commit, and
+    // plugin rows may point at hosts the export leaves out.
+    exportDb.pragma("journal_mode = OFF");
+    exportDb.pragma("synchronous = OFF");
+    exportDb.pragma("foreign_keys = OFF");
 
     try {
       exportDb.exec(`
@@ -990,9 +995,13 @@ app.post("/database/export", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
         userId,
         filename,
       });
+    });
 
+    // "close" also fires when the client aborts mid download, which "end"
+    // does not, so the decrypted export never stays behind on disk.
+    fileStream.on("close", () => {
       fs.unlink(tempPath, (err) => {
-        if (err) {
+        if (err && err.code !== "ENOENT") {
           apiLogger.warn("Failed to clean up export file", {
             operation: "export_cleanup_failed",
             path: tempPath,
@@ -1001,6 +1010,7 @@ app.post("/database/export", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
         }
       });
     });
+    res.on("close", () => fileStream.destroy());
 
     fileStream.pipe(res);
   } catch (error) {
@@ -1048,7 +1058,7 @@ app.post(
   "/database/import",
   authenticateJWT,
   upload.single("file"),
-  async (req, res) => {
+  DatabaseSaveTrigger.batched(async (req, res) => {
     try {
       if (!req.file) {
         return res.status(400).json({ error: "No file uploaded" });
@@ -1150,6 +1160,7 @@ app.post(
             const importedHosts = importDb
               .prepare("SELECT * FROM ssh_data")
               .all();
+            const importedHostIds: number[] = [];
             for (const host of importedHosts) {
               try {
                 const hostRepository = createCurrentHostRepository();
@@ -1224,7 +1235,7 @@ app.post(
                   Number(created.id),
                   importedHostPluginSettings(importDb, host),
                 );
-                await applyDefaultsAfterHostWrite(Number(created.id));
+                importedHostIds.push(Number(created.id));
                 await importHostProtocolLogins(
                   importDb,
                   host,
@@ -1238,6 +1249,7 @@ app.post(
                 );
               }
             }
+            await applyDefaultsAfterHostWrites(importedHostIds);
           } catch {
             apiLogger.info("ssh_data table not found in import file, skipping");
           }
@@ -1402,7 +1414,7 @@ app.post(
         details: getErrorMessage(error),
       });
     }
-  },
+  }),
 );
 
 /**

src/backend/database/db/index.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { repairSnippetsNoteColumn } from "../../upgrade/snippets-schema-migration.js";
 import { getErrorMessage } from "../../utils/error-message.js";
 import { drizzle } from "drizzle-orm/better-sqlite3";
 import Database from "better-sqlite3";
@@ -782,6 +783,7 @@ const relaxPluginGrantGrantedBy = () => {
 };
 
 const migrateSchema = () => {
+  repairSnippetsNoteColumn(sqlite);
   addColumnIfNotExists("user_preferences", "theme", "TEXT");
   addColumnIfNotExists("user_preferences", "font_size", "TEXT");
   addColumnIfNotExists("user_preferences", "accent_color", "TEXT");

src/backend/database/repositories/factory.ts

@@ -278,6 +278,10 @@ export function createCurrentSessionRepository(): SessionRepository {
   return new SessionRepository(
     createCurrentRepositoryContext(),
     createCurrentRepositoryWriteHook("session_repository_write"),
+    // Activity timestamps are informational; the periodic flush persists them.
+    needsExplicitPersist(resolveDatabaseDialect())
+      ? () => DatabaseSaveTrigger.markDirty()
+      : undefined,
   );
 }
 

src/backend/database/repositories/session-repository.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ export class SessionRepository {
   constructor(
     private readonly context: DatabaseContext,
     private readonly onWrite?: () => void | Promise<void>,
+    private readonly onActivity:
+      (() => void | Promise<void>) | undefined = onWrite,
   ) {}
 
   async create(session: NewSessionRecord): Promise<SessionRecord> {
@@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ export class SessionRepository {
       .where(and(eq(sessions.id, id), lte(sessions.lastActiveAt, cutoff)));
 
     if (rowsAffected(result) === 0) return false;
-    await this.afterWrite();
+    await this.onActivity?.();
     return true;
   }
 

src/backend/database/routes/credential-deploy-routes.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ import { createCurrentHostResolutionRepository } from "../repositories/factory.j
 import { connectHost } from "../../hosts/connect/connect-host.js";
 import type { SshConnectHost } from "../../hosts/connect/types.js";
 import { resolveHostById } from "../../hosts/host-resolver.js";
+import { isSecretReference } from "../../hosts/external-secrets.js";
+import { resolveKeyReferences } from "../../hosts/stored-ssh-key.js";
+import { parseSSHKey } from "../../utils/ssh-key-utils.js";
 
 function describeDeployError(err: unknown): string {
   const message = getErrorMessage(err, "Connection failed");
@@ -363,7 +366,20 @@ export function registerCredentialDeployRoutes(
           });
         }
 
-        const publicKey = credData.publicKey;
+        let publicKey = credData.publicKey;
+        const storedKey = credData.privateKey || credData.key;
+        if (!publicKey && isSecretReference(storedKey)) {
+          // A key kept in a secret source has no stored public key; derive
+          // it from the resolved key.
+          const resolved = await resolveKeyReferences(
+            userId,
+            storedKey,
+            (credData as { keyPassword?: string | null }).keyPassword,
+          );
+          publicKey =
+            parseSSHKey(resolved.key, resolved.passphrase).publicKey ||
+            undefined;
+        }
         if (!publicKey) {
           return res.status(400).json({
             success: false,

src/backend/database/routes/credential-key-routes.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import {
   parseSSHKey,
   validateKeyPair,
 } from "../../utils/ssh-key-utils.js";
+import { resolveKeyReferences } from "../../hosts/stored-ssh-key.js";
+import type { AuthenticatedRequest } from "../../../types/index.js";
 
 const { utils: ssh2Utils } = ssh2Pkg;
 
@@ -99,13 +101,17 @@ export function registerCredentialKeyRoutes(
     requireCredentialViewPermission,
     requireDataAccess,
     async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
-      const { privateKey, keyPassword } = req.body;
-
-      if (!privateKey || typeof privateKey !== "string") {
+      if (!req.body?.privateKey || typeof req.body.privateKey !== "string") {
         return res.status(400).json({ error: "Private key is required" });
       }
 
       try {
+        const { key: privateKey, passphrase: keyPassword } =
+          await resolveKeyReferences(
+            (req as AuthenticatedRequest).userId,
+            req.body.privateKey,
+            req.body.keyPassword,
+          );
         const keyInfo = parseSSHKey(privateKey, keyPassword);
 
         const response = {
@@ -352,13 +358,17 @@ export function registerCredentialKeyRoutes(
     requireCredentialViewPermission,
     requireDataAccess,
     async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
-      const { privateKey, keyPassword } = req.body;
-
-      if (!privateKey || typeof privateKey !== "string") {
+      if (!req.body?.privateKey || typeof req.body.privateKey !== "string") {
         return res.status(400).json({ error: "Private key is required" });
       }
 
       try {
+        const { key: privateKey, passphrase: keyPassword } =
+          await resolveKeyReferences(
+            (req as AuthenticatedRequest).userId,
+            req.body.privateKey,
+            req.body.keyPassword,
+          );
         let privateKeyObj;
         const parseAttempts = [];
 

src/backend/database/routes/credentials.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";
 import { authLogger } from "../../utils/logger.js";
 import { PermissionManager } from "../../utils/permission-manager.js";
 import { AuthManager } from "../../utils/auth-manager.js";
-import { parseSSHKey } from "../../utils/ssh-key-utils.js";
+import { parseKeyForStorage } from "../../hosts/stored-ssh-key.js";
 import { registerCredentialKeyRoutes } from "./credential-key-routes.js";
 import { registerCredentialDeployRoutes } from "./credential-deploy-routes.js";
 import { registerCredentialBulkRoutes } from "./credential-bulk-routes.js";
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ router.post(
 
       let keyInfo = null;
       if (authType === "key" && plainKey) {
-        keyInfo = parseSSHKey(plainKey, plainKeyPassword);
+        keyInfo = parseKeyForStorage(plainKey, plainKeyPassword);
         if (!keyInfo.success) {
           authLogger.warn("SSH key parsing failed", {
             operation: "credential_create",
@@ -192,7 +192,11 @@ router.post(
         password: plainPassword,
         key: plainKey,
         privateKey: keyInfo?.privateKey || plainKey,
-        publicKey: keyInfo?.publicKey || null,
+        publicKey:
+          keyInfo?.publicKey ||
+          (keyInfo?.reference && typeof req.body?.publicKey === "string"
+            ? req.body.publicKey.trim() || null
+            : null),
         keyPassword: plainKeyPassword,
         keyType: keyType || null,
         detectedKeyType: keyInfo?.keyType || null,
@@ -502,7 +506,7 @@ router.post(
 
       let keyInfo = null;
       if (authType === "key" && plainKey) {
-        keyInfo = parseSSHKey(plainKey, plainKeyPassword);
+        keyInfo = parseKeyForStorage(plainKey, plainKeyPassword);
         if (!keyInfo.success) {
           return res.status(400).json({
             error: keyInfo.error
@@ -524,7 +528,11 @@ router.post(
         password: authType === "password" ? plainPassword : null,
         key: authType === "key" ? plainKey : null,
         privateKey: authType === "key" ? keyInfo?.privateKey || plainKey : null,
-        publicKey: authType === "key" ? keyInfo?.publicKey || null : null,
+        publicKey:
+          authType === "key"
+            ? keyInfo?.publicKey ||
+              (keyInfo?.reference ? source.publicKey || null : null)
+            : null,
         keyPassword: authType === "key" ? plainKeyPassword : null,
         keyType: source.keyType,
         detectedKeyType: authType === "key" ? keyInfo?.keyType || null : null,
@@ -688,8 +696,14 @@ router.put(
       if (updateData.key !== undefined) {
         updateFields.key = updateData.key || null;
 
-        if (updateData.key && existingCredential.authType === "key") {
-          const keyInfo = parseSSHKey(updateData.key, updateData.keyPassword);
+        if (
+          updateData.key &&
+          (updateData.authType ?? existingCredential.authType) === "key"
+        ) {
+          const keyInfo = parseKeyForStorage(
+            updateData.key,
+            updateData.keyPassword,
+          );
           if (!keyInfo.success) {
             authLogger.warn("SSH key parsing failed during update", {
               operation: "credential_update",
@@ -704,8 +718,10 @@ router.put(
             });
           }
           updateFields.privateKey = keyInfo.privateKey;
-          updateFields.publicKey = keyInfo.publicKey;
-          updateFields.detectedKeyType = keyInfo.keyType;
+          updateFields.publicKey = keyInfo.reference
+            ? updateData.publicKey?.trim() || null
+            : keyInfo.publicKey;
+          updateFields.detectedKeyType = keyInfo.keyType || null;
         }
       }
       if (updateData.keyPassword !== undefined) {

src/backend/database/routes/host-bulk-routes.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import {
 } from "./host-import-order.js";
 import { sshOptionsForWrite } from "../../hosts/ssh-options.js";
 import {
-  applyDefaultsAfterHostWrite,
+  applyDefaultsAfterHostWrites,
   applyHostDefaultsToWrite,
 } from "../../hosts/defaults/index.js";
 import {
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import { getErrorMessage } from "../../utils/error-message.js";
 import type { AuthenticatedRequest } from "../../../types/index.js";
 import type { Request, RequestHandler, Response, Router } from "express";
 import { sshLogger } from "../../utils/logger.js";
+import { DatabaseSaveTrigger } from "../../utils/database-save-trigger.js";
 import {
   createCurrentCredentialRepository,
   createCurrentHostRepository,
@@ -183,8 +184,6 @@ export function registerHostBulkRoutes(
    *   patch:
    *     summary: Bulk update partial fields on multiple SSH hosts
    *     tags: [SSH]
-   *     security:
-   *       - bearerAuth: []
    *     requestBody:
    *       required: true
    *       content:
@@ -239,7 +238,7 @@ export function registerHostBulkRoutes(
     authenticateJWT,
     requireEditPermission,
     requireDataAccess,
-    async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+    DatabaseSaveTrigger.batched(async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
       const userId = (req as AuthenticatedRequest).userId;
       const { hostIds, updates } = req.body;
 
@@ -368,7 +367,7 @@ export function registerHostBulkRoutes(
         sshLogger.error("Failed to bulk update hosts:", error);
         return res.status(500).json({ error: "Failed to bulk update hosts" });
       }
-    },
+    }),
   );
 
   /**
@@ -457,7 +456,7 @@ export function registerHostBulkRoutes(
     requireCreatePermission,
     requireEditPermission,
     requireDataAccess,
-    async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+    DatabaseSaveTrigger.batched(async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
       const userId = (req as AuthenticatedRequest).userId;
       const {
         hosts: hostsToImport,
@@ -577,6 +576,7 @@ export function registerHostBulkRoutes(
       }
 
       const knownAuthTypes = listKnownAuthTypes();
+      const writtenHostIds: number[] = [];
       for (const { host: hostData, index: i, exportId } of orderedHosts) {
         try {
           const effectiveConnectionType = hostData.connectionType || "ssh";
@@ -812,13 +812,15 @@ export function registerHostBulkRoutes(
             savedHostId,
             hostData as Record<string, unknown>,
           );
-          await applyDefaultsAfterHostWrite(savedHostId);
+          writtenHostIds.push(savedHostId);
         } catch (error) {
           results.failed++;
           results.errors.push(`Host ${i + 1}: ${getErrorMessage(error)}`);
         }
       }
 
+      await applyDefaultsAfterHostWrites(writtenHostIds);
+
       res.json({
         message: `Import completed: ${results.success} created, ${results.updated} updated, ${results.failed} failed`,
         success: results.success,
@@ -827,7 +829,7 @@ export function registerHostBulkRoutes(
         failed: results.failed,
         errors: results.errors,
       });
-    },
+    }),
   );
 
   /**
@@ -864,7 +866,7 @@ export function registerHostBulkRoutes(
     requireCreatePermission,
     requireEditPermission,
     requireDataAccess,
-    async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+    DatabaseSaveTrigger.batched(async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
       const userId = (req as AuthenticatedRequest).userId;
       const { content, overwrite } = req.body;
 
@@ -936,6 +938,7 @@ export function registerHostBulkRoutes(
         }
       }
 
+      const writtenHostIds: number[] = [];
       for (let i = 0; i < hostsToImport.length; i++) {
         const hostData = normalizeImportedHost(
           hostsToImport[i] as Record<string, unknown>,
@@ -1003,7 +1006,7 @@ export function registerHostBulkRoutes(
               existing.id,
               sshDataObj,
             );
-            await applyDefaultsAfterHostWrite(existing.id);
+            writtenHostIds.push(existing.id);
             results.updated++;
           } else {
             sshDataObj.createdAt = new Date().toISOString();
@@ -1011,7 +1014,7 @@ export function registerHostBulkRoutes(
               userId,
               sshDataObj,
             );
-            await applyDefaultsAfterHostWrite(saved.id);
+            writtenHostIds.push(saved.id);
             results.success++;
           }
         } catch (error) {
@@ -1022,6 +1025,8 @@ export function registerHostBulkRoutes(
         }
       }
 
+      await applyDefaultsAfterHostWrites(writtenHostIds);
+
       res.json({
         message: `Import completed: ${results.success} created, ${results.updated} updated, ${results.failed} failed`,
         success: results.success,
@@ -1030,7 +1035,7 @@ export function registerHostBulkRoutes(
         failed: results.failed,
         errors: results.errors,
       });
-    },
+    }),
   );
 }
 

src/backend/database/routes/host-tag-routes.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import type { Request, RequestHandler, Response, Router } from "express";
+import { createCurrentSettingsRepository } from "../repositories/factory.js";
+import { databaseLogger } from "../../utils/logger.js";
+
+const CATALOG_KEY = "host_tag_catalog";
+
+function parseCatalog(value: string | null | undefined): string[] {
+  if (!value) return [];
+  try {
+    const parsed: unknown = JSON.parse(value);
+    return Array.isArray(parsed)
+      ? parsed.filter((tag): tag is string => typeof tag === "string")
+      : [];
+  } catch {
+    return [];
+  }
+}
+
+export function registerHostTagRoutes(
+  router: Router,
+  authenticate: RequestHandler,
+  requireAdmin: RequestHandler,
+): void {
+  /**
+   * @openapi
+   * /host/tags:
+   *   get:
+   *     summary: Get the predefined host tags
+   *     description: The instance-wide tag list host editors suggest. Any signed-in user can read it.
+   *     tags:
+   *       - SSH
+   *     responses:
+   *       200:
+   *         description: The predefined tags.
+   *         content:
+   *           application/json:
+   *             schema:
+   *               type: object
+   *               properties:
+   *                 tags:
+   *                   type: array
+   *                   items:
+   *                     type: string
+   *       500:
+   *         description: Failed to read the tags.
+   */
+  router.get("/tags", authenticate, async (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
+    try {
+      const value = await createCurrentSettingsRepository().get(CATALOG_KEY);
+      res.json({ tags: parseCatalog(value) });
+    } catch (error) {
+      databaseLogger.error("Failed to read host tags", error);
+      res.status(500).json({ error: "Failed to read host tags" });
+    }
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * @openapi
+   * /host/tags:
+   *   put:
+   *     summary: Replace the predefined host tags
+   *     description: Sets the instance-wide tag list. Tags are trimmed and duplicates dropped. Tags already on hosts are not changed. Requires admin.settings.manage.
+   *     tags:
+   *       - SSH
+   *     requestBody:
+   *       required: true
+   *       content:
+   *         application/json:
+   *           schema:
+   *             type: object
+   *             properties:
+   *               tags:
+   *                 type: array
+   *                 maxItems: 500
+   *                 items:
+   *                   type: string
+   *                   maxLength: 100
+   *     responses:
+   *       200:
+   *         description: The saved tags.
+   *       400:
+   *         description: Not an array of up to 500 non-empty tags of at most 100 characters.
+   *       403:
+   *         description: Missing admin.settings.manage.
+   *       500:
+   *         description: Failed to save the tags.
+   */
+  router.put(
+    "/tags",
+    authenticate,
+    requireAdmin,
+    async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+      const tags: unknown = req.body?.tags;
+      if (
+        !Array.isArray(tags) ||
+        tags.length > 500 ||
+        tags.some(
+          (tag) =>
+            typeof tag !== "string" || !tag.trim() || tag.trim().length > 100,
+        )
+      ) {
+        res.status(400).json({
+          error: "Expected up to 500 non-empty tags of at most 100 characters",
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+      const normalized = [
+        ...new Set((tags as string[]).map((tag) => tag.trim())),
+      ];
+      try {
+        await createCurrentSettingsRepository().set(
+          CATALOG_KEY,
+          JSON.stringify(normalized),
+        );
+        res.json({ tags: normalized });
+      } catch (error) {
+        databaseLogger.error("Failed to save host tags", error);
+        res.status(500).json({ error: "Failed to save host tags" });
+      }
+    },
+  );
+}

src/backend/database/routes/host.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { pluginEvents, TOPICS } from "../../plugins/events.js";
 import { AuthManager } from "../../utils/auth-manager.js";
 import { PermissionManager } from "../../utils/permission-manager.js";
 import { DataCrypto } from "../../utils/data-crypto.js";
-import { parseSSHKey } from "../../utils/ssh-key-utils.js";
+import { parseKeyForStorage } from "../../hosts/stored-ssh-key.js";
 import {
   pickResolvedPassword,
   pickResolvedUsername,
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ import { registerHostFolderRoutes } from "./host-folder-routes.js";
 import { registerHostNetworkRoutes } from "./host-network-routes.js";
 import { registerHostBulkRoutes } from "./host-bulk-routes.js";
 import { registerHostDefaultsRoutes } from "./host-defaults-routes.js";
+import { registerHostTagRoutes } from "./host-tag-routes.js";
 import { registerHostStatusRoutes } from "./host-status-routes.js";
 import {
   applyHostEnrollmentDefaults,
@@ -136,6 +137,12 @@ const permissionManager = PermissionManager.getInstance();
 const authenticateJWT = authManager.createAuthMiddleware();
 const requireDataAccess = authManager.createDataAccessMiddleware();
 
+registerHostTagRoutes(
+  router,
+  authenticateJWT,
+  permissionManager.requirePermission("admin.settings.manage"),
+);
+
 registerHostStatusRoutes(router, {
   authenticateJWT,
   requireAdmin: authManager.createAdminMiddleware(),
@@ -351,7 +358,7 @@ router.post(
       sshDataObj.keyType = null;
     } else if (effectiveAuthType === "key") {
       if (key && typeof key === "string") {
-        const keyValidation = parseSSHKey(
+        const keyValidation = parseKeyForStorage(
           key,
           typeof keyPassword === "string" ? keyPassword : undefined,
         );
@@ -493,8 +500,6 @@ router.post(
  *     description: Creates a host owned by the user assigned to the API key. The user's encrypted data must be unlocked by an active sign-in.
  *     tags:
  *       - Host Enrollment
- *     security:
- *       - bearerAuth: []
  *     requestBody:
  *       required: true
  *       content:
@@ -935,7 +940,7 @@ router.put(
       sshDataObj.keyType = null;
     } else if (effectiveAuthType === "key") {
       if (key && typeof key === "string") {
-        const keyValidation = parseSSHKey(
+        const keyValidation = parseKeyForStorage(
           key,
           typeof keyPassword === "string" ? keyPassword : undefined,
         );

src/backend/database/routes/rbac.ts

@@ -1990,8 +1990,6 @@ router.delete(
  *     summary: Set personal authentication for a shared host protocol
  *     description: Selects one of the authenticated recipient's own credentials, or clears the selection with null. The protocol is "ssh" or one a plugin declares.
  *     tags: [RBAC]
- *     security:
- *       - bearerAuth: []
  */
 router.put(
   "/host-access/:hostId/auth/:protocol",
@@ -2047,8 +2045,6 @@ router.put(
  *   get:
  *     summary: Get the current recipient's shared-host protocol authentication override
  *     tags: [RBAC]
- *     security:
- *       - bearerAuth: []
  */
 router.get(
   "/host-access/:hostId/auth/:protocol",

src/backend/database/routes/user-external-account-routes.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,30 @@ function isNonEmptyString(val: unknown): val is string {
   return typeof val === "string" && val.trim().length > 0;
 }
 
+/**
+ * 2.9.0 could not match a 2.8 OIDC account to its provider and made a second
+ * account on first sign-in. The original keeps only its "legacy-oidc" link
+ * with the same subject, so the duplicate may be merged back into it even
+ * though it has no password.
+ */
+async function isLegacyDuplicate(
+  externalUserId: string,
+  targetLinks: Array<{ providerId: string; subject: string }>,
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  if (targetLinks.length === 0) return false;
+  const sourceSubjects = new Set(
+    (
+      await createCurrentUserAuthRepository().listIdentitiesForUser(
+        externalUserId,
+      )
+    ).map((link) => link.subject),
+  );
+  return targetLinks.every(
+    (link) =>
+      link.providerId === "legacy-oidc" && sourceSubjects.has(link.subject),
+  );
+}
+
 /**
  * Merging an account that only signs in externally (SSO, LDAP or any login
  * plugin) into a password account, and taking the external sign-in away
@@ -34,7 +58,7 @@ export function registerUserExternalAccountRoutes(
    * /users/link-external-to-password:
    *   post:
    *     summary: Merge an external account into a password account
-   *     description: Moves an external-only account's sign-in identities onto a password account and deletes the external-only account (admin only). The 2.8 path /users/link-oidc-to-password and its oidcUserId field are accepted too.
+   *     description: Moves an external-only account's sign-in identities onto a password account and deletes the external-only account (admin only). A 2.8 SSO account whose only sign-in is the matching legacy OIDC link is accepted as the target too, to merge a duplicate made by 2.9.0. The 2.8 path /users/link-oidc-to-password and its oidcUserId field are accepted too.
    *     tags:
    *       - Users
    *     requestBody:
@@ -98,15 +122,18 @@ export function registerUserExternalAccountRoutes(
           .status(404)
           .json({ error: "Target password user not found" });
       }
-      if (isExternalAccount(targetUser) || !targetUser.passwordHash) {
-        return res.status(400).json({
-          error: "Target user must be a password-based account",
-        });
-      }
-      if ((await identities.listIdentitiesForUser(targetUser.id)).length > 0) {
-        return res.status(400).json({
-          error: "Target user already has an external sign-in",
-        });
+      const targetLinks = await identities.listIdentitiesForUser(targetUser.id);
+      if (!(await isLegacyDuplicate(externalUserId, targetLinks))) {
+        if (isExternalAccount(targetUser) || !targetUser.passwordHash) {
+          return res.status(400).json({
+            error: "Target user must be a password-based account",
+          });
+        }
+        if (targetLinks.length > 0) {
+          return res.status(400).json({
+            error: "Target user already has an external sign-in",
+          });
+        }
       }
 
       authLogger.info("Linking an external account to a password account", {
@@ -118,7 +145,8 @@ export function registerUserExternalAccountRoutes(
 
       await userRepository.update(targetUser.id, {
         isOidc: true,
-        oidcIdentifier: externalUser.oidcIdentifier,
+        oidcIdentifier:
+          externalUser.oidcIdentifier ?? targetUser.oidcIdentifier,
       });
       await identities.moveIdentities(externalUserId, targetUser.id);
 

src/backend/hosts/defaults/index.ts

@@ -25,3 +25,22 @@ export async function applyDefaultsAfterHostWrite(
     });
   }
 }
+
+/**
+ * The same for many hosts written in one go (an import), in a single pass
+ * instead of one per host.
+ */
+export async function applyDefaultsAfterHostWrites(
+  hostIds: number[],
+): Promise<void> {
+  if (hostIds.length === 0) return;
+  try {
+    await recompute({ hostIds });
+  } catch (error) {
+    databaseLogger.warn("Could not apply host defaults after a write", {
+      operation: "host_defaults_after_write",
+      hosts: hostIds.length,
+      error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+    });
+  }
+}

src/backend/hosts/defaults/materialize.ts

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import {
 import { hostSettingsPlugins } from "../../database/routes/host-plugin-settings.js";
 import { notifySettingChange } from "../../plugins/settings.js";
 import { databaseLogger } from "../../utils/logger.js";
+import { DatabaseSaveTrigger } from "../../utils/database-save-trigger.js";
 import {
   buildCatalog,
   catalogNamespaces,
@@ -342,83 +343,85 @@ async function afterHostsChanged(
  * Classifies and rewrites a set of hosts. Returns the hosts whose values or
  * overrides changed; with `dryRun` nothing is written.
  */
-export async function materializeHosts(
-  target: HostDefaultsTarget,
-  options: MaterializeOptions = {},
-): Promise<MaterializeResult> {
-  const repository = createCurrentHostDefaultsRepository();
-  const rows = (await repository.listHosts(target)).filter(
-    // A desktop's read-only copy of a shared host follows its owner's server.
-    (row) => !row.sharedSource,
-  );
-  if (rows.length === 0) return { changedHostIds: [] };
-
-  const { catalog } = currentCatalog();
-  const userIds = [...new Set(rows.map((row) => row.userId))];
-  const [index, placement, pluginRows] = await Promise.all([
-    loadDefaultsIndex(userIds),
-    loadPlacement(userIds),
-    loadPluginRows(rows.map((row) => row.id)),
-  ]);
-  const withOverlay = applyOverlay(index, options.overlay);
-
-  const changed: Array<{ row: HostRow; plan: HostPlan }> = [];
-  for (const row of rows) {
-    const levels = levelsForHost(
-      withOverlay,
-      row.userId,
-      effectiveFolderPath(row.id, placement),
+export const materializeHosts = DatabaseSaveTrigger.batched(
+  async (
+    target: HostDefaultsTarget,
+    options: MaterializeOptions = {},
+  ): Promise<MaterializeResult> => {
+    const repository = createCurrentHostDefaultsRepository();
+    const rows = (await repository.listHosts(target)).filter(
+      // A desktop's read-only copy of a shared host follows its owner's server.
+      (row) => !row.sharedSource,
     );
-    const plan = planHost(row, levels, catalog, pluginRows.get(row.id), {
-      keys: options.keys,
-    });
-    const valuesChanged =
-      Object.keys(plan.columns).some((key) => key !== "defaultOverrides") ||
-      plan.pluginWrites.length > 0;
-    if (options.dryRun) {
-      if (valuesChanged) changed.push({ row, plan });
-      continue;
+    if (rows.length === 0) return { changedHostIds: [] };
+
+    const { catalog } = currentCatalog();
+    const userIds = [...new Set(rows.map((row) => row.userId))];
+    const [index, placement, pluginRows] = await Promise.all([
+      loadDefaultsIndex(userIds),
+      loadPlacement(userIds),
+      loadPluginRows(rows.map((row) => row.id)),
+    ]);
+    const withOverlay = applyOverlay(index, options.overlay);
+
+    const changed: Array<{ row: HostRow; plan: HostPlan }> = [];
+    for (const row of rows) {
+      const levels = levelsForHost(
+        withOverlay,
+        row.userId,
+        effectiveFolderPath(row.id, placement),
+      );
+      const plan = planHost(row, levels, catalog, pluginRows.get(row.id), {
+        keys: options.keys,
+      });
+      const valuesChanged =
+        Object.keys(plan.columns).some((key) => key !== "defaultOverrides") ||
+        plan.pluginWrites.length > 0;
+      if (options.dryRun) {
+        if (valuesChanged) changed.push({ row, plan });
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (valuesChanged || plan.overridesChanged) changed.push({ row, plan });
     }
-    if (valuesChanged || plan.overridesChanged) changed.push({ row, plan });
-  }
 
-  if (options.dryRun) {
-    return { changedHostIds: changed.map(({ row }) => row.id) };
-  }
+    if (options.dryRun) {
+      return { changedHostIds: changed.map(({ row }) => row.id) };
+    }
 
-  await repository.updateHosts(
-    changed.map(({ row, plan }) => ({
-      id: row.id,
-      values: plan.columns as Partial<HostRow>,
-    })),
-  );
-  const settings = createCurrentPluginSettingsRepository();
-  for (const { plan } of changed) {
-    for (const write of plan.pluginWrites) {
-      if (write.value === undefined) {
-        await settings.delete(
-          write.pluginId,
-          "host",
-          String(write.hostId),
-          write.key,
-        );
-      } else {
-        await settings.set(
-          write.pluginId,
-          "host",
-          String(write.hostId),
-          write.key,
-          JSON.stringify(write.value),
-        );
+    await repository.updateHosts(
+      changed.map(({ row, plan }) => ({
+        id: row.id,
+        values: plan.columns as Partial<HostRow>,
+      })),
+    );
+    const settings = createCurrentPluginSettingsRepository();
+    for (const { plan } of changed) {
+      for (const write of plan.pluginWrites) {
+        if (write.value === undefined) {
+          await settings.delete(
+            write.pluginId,
+            "host",
+            String(write.hostId),
+            write.key,
+          );
+        } else {
+          await settings.set(
+            write.pluginId,
+            "host",
+            String(write.hostId),
+            write.key,
+            JSON.stringify(write.value),
+          );
+        }
       }
     }
-  }
 
-  const valueChanges = changed.filter(
-    ({ plan }) =>
-      plan.pluginWrites.length > 0 ||
-      Object.keys(plan.columns).some((key) => key !== "defaultOverrides"),
-  );
-  await afterHostsChanged(valueChanges);
-  return { changedHostIds: valueChanges.map(({ row }) => row.id) };
-}
+    const valueChanges = changed.filter(
+      ({ plan }) =>
+        plan.pluginWrites.length > 0 ||
+        Object.keys(plan.columns).some((key) => key !== "defaultOverrides"),
+    );
+    await afterHostsChanged(valueChanges);
+    return { changedHostIds: valueChanges.map(({ row }) => row.id) };
+  },
+);

src/backend/hosts/host-resolver.ts

@@ -129,6 +129,10 @@ export async function resolveHostById(
     }
     host.terminalConfig = rest;
   }
+  // Stored as the text "true"/"false"; the string "false" is truthy and would
+  // make the password provider skip password auth.
+  host.forceKeyboardInteractive =
+    String(host.forceKeyboardInteractive) === "true";
   // A row the boot copy has not reached yet still has them in terminal_config.
   host.sshOptions = parseSshOptions(
     host.sshOptions != null ? host.sshOptions : host.terminalConfig,

src/backend/hosts/host-session-status.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ export class HostSessionStatus {
   private counts = new Map<number, number>();
   private listeners = new Set<HostSessionStatusListener>();
 
+  hasActiveSession(hostId: number): boolean {
+    return (this.counts.get(hostId) ?? 0) > 0;
+  }
+
   register(hostId: number): () => void {
     const count = this.counts.get(hostId) ?? 0;
     this.counts.set(hostId, count + 1);

src/backend/hosts/status/host-status-service.ts

@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@
  * failed (a session, a ctx.ssh connection or a plugin's
  * ctx.hosts.status.reportLogin said so). It clears on the next working login,
  * when the host is edited, or when a changed host key is accepted. Probing
- * never logs in: on RADIUS or Duo backed devices a login fires a real 2FA
- * push, every interval.
+ * never logs in to the host itself: on RADIUS or Duo backed devices a login
+ * fires a real 2FA push, every interval. A host behind jump hosts is probed
+ * through a chain, which does log in to the hops, so hosts that share a hop
+ * list share one chain (jump-probe-pool.ts).
  *
  * Polling is demand driven. A user asking for statuses starts polling their
  * own hosts; nothing is probed for a user who never opened the app.
@@ -28,7 +30,8 @@ import {
   type HostStatus,
 } from "./host-status.js";
 import { ConcurrentLimiter } from "./limiter.js";
-import { tcpPing, tcpPingThroughJumpHost } from "./tcp-ping.js";
+import { tcpPing } from "./tcp-ping.js";
+import { JumpProbePool } from "./jump-probe-pool.js";
 
 export const GLOBAL_STATUS_INTERVAL_KEY = "global_status_check_interval";
 export const DEFAULT_STATUS_INTERVAL = 60;
@@ -78,6 +81,7 @@ export interface HostStatusDeps {
     target: StatusTarget,
     port: number,
   ) => Promise<boolean>;
+  hasActiveSession?: (hostId: number) => boolean;
   globalInterval: () => number;
   emit: (payload: HostStatusPayload) => void;
 }
@@ -110,6 +114,11 @@ export function toStatusTarget(row: HostStatusTargetRow): StatusTarget {
   };
 }
 
+const jumpProbes = new JumpProbePool(async (jumpHosts, userId) => {
+  const { createJumpHostChain } = await import("../jump-host-chain.js");
+  return createJumpHostChain(jumpHosts, userId);
+});
+
 const defaultDeps: HostStatusDeps = {
   loadTargets: async (filter) =>
     (
@@ -126,17 +135,10 @@ const defaultDeps: HostStatusDeps = {
       );
     return [...new Set(entries.map((entry) => entry.hostId))];
   },
+  hasActiveSession: (hostId) => hostSessionStatus.hasActiveSession(hostId),
   ping: (host, port) => tcpPing(host, port, 5000),
-  pingThroughJumpHosts: async (target, port) => {
-    const { createJumpHostChain } = await import("../jump-host-chain.js");
-    const client = await createJumpHostChain(
-      target.jumpHosts,
-      target.userId,
-    ).catch(() => null);
-    return client
-      ? tcpPingThroughJumpHost(client, target.ip, port, 5000)
-      : false;
-  },
+  pingThroughJumpHosts: (target, port) =>
+    jumpProbes.ping(target.jumpHosts, target.userId, target.ip, port, 5000),
   globalInterval: () => {
     const value = Number(getCurrentSettingValue(GLOBAL_STATUS_INTERVAL_KEY));
     return Number.isInteger(value) && value >= 5
@@ -429,11 +431,15 @@ export class HostStatusService {
     this.owners.set(target.id, target.userId);
     let reachable = false;
     try {
-      const port = await this.portFor(target);
-      reachable =
-        target.jumpHosts.length > 0
-          ? await this.deps.pingThroughJumpHosts(target, port)
-          : await this.deps.ping(target.ip, port);
+      if (this.deps.hasActiveSession?.(target.id)) {
+        reachable = true;
+      } else {
+        const port = await this.portFor(target);
+        reachable =
+          target.jumpHosts.length > 0
+            ? await this.deps.pingThroughJumpHosts(target, port)
+            : await this.deps.ping(target.ip, port);
+      }
     } catch {
       reachable = false;
     }

src/backend/hosts/status/jump-probe-pool.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+import type { Client } from "ssh2";
+import { tcpPingThroughJumpHost } from "./tcp-ping.js";
+
+type OpenChain = (
+  jumpHosts: Array<{ hostId: number }>,
+  userId: string,
+) => Promise<Client | null>;
+
+interface Entry {
+  client: Promise<Client | null>;
+  idle?: NodeJS.Timeout;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Status probes for hosts behind jump hosts share one chain per hop list.
+ * Opening a chain logs in to every hop, so doing it for every host on every
+ * interval made an import of jump-hosted hosts open dozens of SSH sessions
+ * each minute. A chain closes after it sits idle.
+ */
+export class JumpProbePool {
+  private readonly entries = new Map<string, Entry>();
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly open: OpenChain,
+    private readonly idleMs = 120_000,
+  ) {}
+
+  async ping(
+    jumpHosts: Array<{ hostId: number }>,
+    userId: string,
+    host: string,
+    port: number,
+    timeoutMs = 5000,
+  ): Promise<boolean> {
+    const key = `${userId}:${jumpHosts.map((hop) => hop.hostId).join(">")}`;
+    let entry = this.entries.get(key);
+    if (!entry) {
+      entry = { client: this.connect(key, jumpHosts, userId) };
+      this.entries.set(key, entry);
+    }
+    const client = await entry.client;
+    if (!client) {
+      this.drop(key, entry);
+      return false;
+    }
+    this.touch(key, entry, client);
+    return tcpPingThroughJumpHost(client, host, port, timeoutMs, true);
+  }
+
+  closeAll(): void {
+    for (const [key, entry] of [...this.entries]) {
+      this.drop(key, entry);
+      void entry.client.then((client) => client?.end()).catch(() => {});
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async connect(
+    key: string,
+    jumpHosts: Array<{ hostId: number }>,
+    userId: string,
+  ): Promise<Client | null> {
+    const client = await this.open(jumpHosts, userId).catch(() => null);
+    if (client) {
+      const forget = () => {
+        const current = this.entries.get(key);
+        if (current) this.drop(key, current);
+      };
+      client.once("close", forget);
+      client.once("error", forget);
+    }
+    return client;
+  }
+
+  private touch(key: string, entry: Entry, client: Client): void {
+    if (entry.idle) clearTimeout(entry.idle);
+    entry.idle = setTimeout(() => {
+      this.drop(key, entry);
+      client.end();
+    }, this.idleMs);
+    entry.idle.unref?.();
+  }
+
+  private drop(key: string, entry: Entry): void {
+    if (entry.idle) clearTimeout(entry.idle);
+    if (this.entries.get(key) === entry) this.entries.delete(key);
+  }
+}

src/backend/hosts/status/tcp-ping.ts

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ import net from "net";
 import type { Client } from "ssh2";
 
 /**
- * Opens a TCP connection and closes it again. An SSH server gets a polite
- * banner back so it does not log a failed handshake.
+ * Opens a TCP connection and closes it again. SSH probes exchange banners,
+ * but still close before authentication and may trigger aggressive Fail2Ban rules.
  */
 export function tcpPing(
   host: string,
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ export function tcpPingThroughJumpHost(
   host: string,
   port: number,
   timeoutMs = 5000,
+  keepOpen = false,
 ): Promise<boolean> {
   return new Promise((resolve) => {
     let settled = false;
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ export function tcpPingThroughJumpHost(
       if (settled) return;
       settled = true;
       clearTimeout(timeout);
-      jumpClient.end();
+      if (!keepOpen) jumpClient.end();
       resolve(result);
     };
 

src/backend/hosts/stored-ssh-key.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { parseSSHKey, type KeyInfo } from "../utils/ssh-key-utils.js";
+import {
+  isSecretReference,
+  resolveSecretReference,
+} from "./external-secrets.js";
+
+/**
+ * Checks a private key before it is saved. A secret reference (op://...) is
+ * resolved when connecting, so it is stored as given: there is nothing to
+ * parse yet, and parsing the reference itself always failed (#1394).
+ */
+export function parseKeyForStorage(
+  key: string,
+  passphrase?: string | null,
+): KeyInfo & { reference: boolean } {
+  if (isSecretReference(key) || isSecretReference(passphrase)) {
+    return {
+      success: true,
+      privateKey: key.trim(),
+      publicKey: "",
+      keyType: "",
+      reference: true,
+    };
+  }
+  return {
+    ...parseSSHKey(key, passphrase ?? undefined),
+    reference: false,
+  };
+}
+
+/** The real key and passphrase behind any references, for key helpers. */
+export async function resolveKeyReferences(
+  userId: string,
+  key: string,
+  passphrase?: string | null,
+): Promise<{ key: string; passphrase?: string }> {
+  const resolve = async (value: string) =>
+    isSecretReference(value) ? resolveSecretReference(userId, value) : value;
+  return {
+    key: await resolve(key),
+    passphrase: passphrase ? await resolve(passphrase) : undefined,
+  };
+}

src/backend/plugins/ctx-ssh-auth.ts

@@ -96,6 +96,34 @@ function describeHost(host: number | PluginSshHost): string {
   return typeof host === "number" ? `host ${host}` : `host ${host.id}`;
 }
 
+const OVERRIDE_FIELDS = [
+  "password",
+  "key",
+  "privateKey",
+  "keyPassword",
+  "passphrase",
+] as const;
+
+/**
+ * A secret the plugin set on its copy (a password the user just typed) wins
+ * over the stored one; everything else comes from what core resolved.
+ */
+function withOverrides(
+  resolved: SshConnectHost,
+  given: PluginSshHost,
+): SshConnectHost {
+  if (given === (resolved as unknown)) return resolved;
+  const source = given as unknown as Record<string, unknown>;
+  const set = OVERRIDE_FIELDS.filter(
+    (field) => typeof source[field] === "string" && source[field] !== "",
+  );
+  if (set.length === 0) return resolved;
+  const merged = { ...resolved } as unknown as Record<string, unknown>;
+  for (const field of set) merged[field] = source[field];
+  if (typeof source.authType === "string") merged.authType = source.authType;
+  return merged as unknown as SshConnectHost;
+}
+
 const LOGIN_FAILED =
   /all configured authentication methods failed|permission denied|authentication failed/i;
 
@@ -134,8 +162,37 @@ export function createPluginSsh({ manifest, bag, audit }: Deps): PluginSsh {
     { host: SshConnectHost; userId: string }
   >();
 
-  const remember = (key: object, host: SshConnectHost, userId: string) =>
-    resolvedHosts.set(key, { host, userId });
+  // Plugins often copy a host before connecting ({ ...host, port }). Spread
+  // copies enumerable symbol keys, so the copy keeps this tag. Its value is an
+  // opaque token, not the host, so the secrets stay out of the plugin's reach.
+  const tag = Symbol("resolvedHost");
+  const tokens = new WeakMap<
+    object,
+    { host: SshConnectHost; userId: string }
+  >();
+
+  const remember = (key: object, host: SshConnectHost, userId: string) => {
+    const entry = { host, userId };
+    resolvedHosts.set(key, entry);
+    const token = Object.freeze({});
+    tokens.set(token, entry);
+    if (Object.isExtensible(key)) {
+      Object.defineProperty(key, tag, {
+        value: token,
+        enumerable: true,
+        configurable: true,
+      });
+    }
+  };
+
+  const lookup = (host: object) => {
+    const known = resolvedHosts.get(host);
+    if (known) return known;
+    const token = (host as Record<symbol, unknown>)[tag];
+    return token && typeof token === "object"
+      ? tokens.get(token as object)
+      : undefined;
+  };
 
   const handOut = (host: SshConnectHost, userId: string): PluginSshHost => {
     const redacted = redactHostSecrets(
@@ -148,9 +205,7 @@ export function createPluginSsh({ manifest, bag, audit }: Deps): PluginSsh {
   /** The acting user for a call about this host. */
   const userFor = (host: number | PluginSshHost | undefined): string =>
     actingUser(
-      host && typeof host === "object"
-        ? resolvedHosts.get(host)?.userId
-        : undefined,
+      host && typeof host === "object" ? lookup(host)?.userId : undefined,
     );
 
   /**
@@ -163,8 +218,8 @@ export function createPluginSsh({ manifest, bag, audit }: Deps): PluginSsh {
     userId: string,
   ): number | SshConnectHost => {
     if (typeof host === "number") return host;
-    const known = resolvedHosts.get(host);
-    if (known) return known.host;
+    const known = lookup(host);
+    if (known) return withOverrides(known.host, host);
     return { ...(host as unknown as SshConnectHost), userId };
   };
 
@@ -173,8 +228,7 @@ export function createPluginSsh({ manifest, bag, audit }: Deps): PluginSsh {
    * auth or host key failure counts: a timeout says nothing about the login.
    */
   const reportLogin = (host: number | PluginSshHost, error?: unknown) => {
-    const hostId =
-      typeof host === "number" ? host : resolvedHosts.get(host)?.host.id;
+    const hostId = typeof host === "number" ? host : lookup(host)?.host.id;
     if (!Number.isInteger(hostId) || hostId <= 0) return;
     let outcome: { ok: boolean; hostKeyChanged?: boolean } = { ok: true };
     if (error !== undefined) {

src/backend/plugins/user-data.ts

@@ -66,25 +66,37 @@ export function listUserOwnedTables(): UserOwnedTable[] {
 
 type Row = Record<string, unknown>;
 
+async function readOwnedRows(
+  owned: UserOwnedTable,
+  userId: string,
+): Promise<Row[]> {
+  try {
+    return await selectRows<Row>(
+      sql`SELECT ${sql.join(
+        owned.columns.map((column) => sql.identifier(column)),
+        sql`, `,
+      )} FROM ${sql.identifier(owned.table)} WHERE ${sql.identifier(
+        owned.userColumn,
+      )} = ${userId}`,
+    );
+  } catch {
+    // The plugin's migration has not created the table yet.
+    return [];
+  }
+}
+
+const yieldToEventLoop = () =>
+  new Promise<void>((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+
 /** The user's rows in every user-owned plugin table, keyed by table. */
 export async function readUserPluginRows(
   userId: string,
 ): Promise<Record<string, Row[]>> {
   const result: Record<string, Row[]> = {};
   for (const owned of listUserOwnedTables()) {
-    try {
-      const rows = await selectRows<Row>(
-        sql`SELECT ${sql.join(
-          owned.columns.map((column) => sql.identifier(column)),
-          sql`, `,
-        )} FROM ${sql.identifier(owned.table)} WHERE ${sql.identifier(
-          owned.userColumn,
-        )} = ${userId}`,
-      );
-      if (rows.length > 0) result[owned.table] = rows;
-    } catch {
-      // The plugin's migration has not created the table yet.
-    }
+    const rows = await readOwnedRows(owned, userId);
+    if (rows.length > 0) result[owned.table] = rows;
+    await yieldToEventLoop();
   }
   return result;
 }
@@ -95,18 +107,25 @@ interface SqliteLike {
     run(...params: unknown[]): unknown;
     all(...params: unknown[]): unknown[];
   };
+  transaction?(fn: (rows: Row[]) => void): (rows: Row[]) => unknown;
 }
 
-/** Writes the user's plugin rows into a SQLite export file. */
+const INSERT_CHUNK = 2000;
+
+/**
+ * Writes the user's plugin rows into a SQLite export file. One table at a
+ * time, in chunked transactions with a yield between them: history tables
+ * (command history, health checks) can hold many thousands of rows, and the
+ * export runs on the thread that serves every other request.
+ */
 export async function writeUserPluginTables(
   exportDb: SqliteLike,
   userId: string,
 ): Promise<number> {
-  const rowsByTable = await readUserPluginRows(userId);
   let written = 0;
   for (const owned of listUserOwnedTables()) {
-    const rows = rowsByTable[owned.table];
-    if (!rows?.length) continue;
+    const rows = await readOwnedRows(owned, userId);
+    if (!rows.length) continue;
     for (const statement of createTableSql(
       "sqlite",
       owned.pluginId,
@@ -119,9 +138,19 @@ export async function writeUserPluginTables(
         .map((column) => `"${column}"`)
         .join(", ")}) VALUES (${owned.columns.map(() => "?").join(", ")})`,
     );
-    for (const row of rows) {
-      insert.run(...owned.columns.map((column) => toSqlite(row[column])));
-      written++;
+    const writeChunk = (chunk: Row[]) => {
+      for (const row of chunk) {
+        insert.run(...owned.columns.map((column) => toSqlite(row[column])));
+      }
+    };
+    const runChunk = exportDb.transaction
+      ? exportDb.transaction(writeChunk)
+      : writeChunk;
+    for (let start = 0; start < rows.length; start += INSERT_CHUNK) {
+      const chunk = rows.slice(start, start + INSERT_CHUNK);
+      runChunk(chunk);
+      written += chunk.length;
+      await yieldToEventLoop();
     }
   }
   return written;

src/backend/tests/auth/login-pipeline.test.ts

@@ -521,6 +521,89 @@ describe("external identities", () => {
     ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: "user_not_allowed" });
   });
 
+  it.each(["true", "false"])(
+    "does not duplicate an unscoped migrated account with provisioning %s",
+    async (enabled) => {
+      addUser({
+        id: "old",
+        username: "Alice",
+        isOidc: true,
+        passwordHash: "",
+        oidcIdentifier: "sub-1",
+        ssoProviderId: null,
+      });
+      const { runExternalIdentityMigration } =
+        await import("../../upgrade/external-identity-migration.js");
+      await runExternalIdentityMigration();
+      h.state.settings.set("oidc_auto_provision", enabled);
+      await expect(
+        runLogin(fakeRequest() as never, external, {
+          methodId: "oidc",
+          rememberMe: false,
+        }),
+      ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: "legacy_identity_conflict" });
+      expect([...h.state.users.keys()]).toEqual(["old"]);
+      expect(h.state.identities).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(h.state.identities[0]).toMatchObject({
+        userId: "old",
+        providerId: "legacy-oidc",
+        subject: "sub-1",
+      });
+    },
+  );
+
+  it("keeps equal subjects on explicitly different providers separate", async () => {
+    addUser({
+      id: "other",
+      username: "Other Alice",
+      isOidc: true,
+      passwordHash: "",
+      oidcIdentifier: "sub-1",
+      ssoProviderId: 9,
+    });
+    h.state.identities.push({
+      id: 1,
+      userId: "other",
+      providerId: "9",
+      subject: "sub-1",
+      email: null,
+    });
+    h.state.settings.set("oidc_auto_provision", "true");
+    const result = await runLogin(fakeRequest() as never, external, {
+      methodId: "oidc",
+      rememberMe: false,
+    });
+    expect(result.kind).toBe("session");
+    expect(h.state.users.size).toBe(2);
+    expect(
+      h.state.identities.find((link) => link.providerId === "3")?.userId,
+    ).not.toBe("other");
+  });
+
+  it("uses a verified provider link even when the old provider column is empty", async () => {
+    addUser({
+      id: "old",
+      username: "Alice",
+      isOidc: true,
+      passwordHash: "",
+      oidcIdentifier: "sub-1",
+      ssoProviderId: null,
+    });
+    h.state.identities.push({
+      id: 1,
+      userId: "old",
+      providerId: "3",
+      subject: "sub-1",
+      email: null,
+    });
+    const result = await runLogin(fakeRequest() as never, external, {
+      methodId: "oidc",
+      rememberMe: false,
+    });
+    expect(result.kind).toBe("session");
+    expect(h.state.users.size).toBe(1);
+  });
+
   it("re-checks the allowed list for existing users", async () => {
     addUser({ id: "u9", username: "Alice", isOidc: true, passwordHash: "" });
     h.state.identities.push({

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/factory-context.test.ts

@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ import { DATABASE_DIALECT_ENV } from "../../../database/db/dialect.js";
 // getDb() throws unless a database was initialized; the context's handle is
 // not what this file is about.
 vi.mock("../../../database/db/index.js", () => ({
-  getDb: () => ({}),
+  getDb: vi.fn(() => ({})),
   getSqlite: () => ({}),
   DatabaseSaveTrigger: { forceSave: vi.fn(), triggerSave: vi.fn() },
 }));
 
 const {
+  createCurrentSessionRepository,
   createCurrentRepositoryContext,
   createCurrentRepositoryWriteHook,
   createCurrentRepositoryLazyWriteHook,
@@ -86,3 +87,35 @@ describe("createCurrentRepositoryLazyWriteHook", () => {
     }
   });
 });
+
+it("wires SQLite activity to the periodic flush and token changes to immediate persistence", async () => {
+  const saved = process.env[DATABASE_DIALECT_ENV];
+  process.env[DATABASE_DIALECT_ENV] = "sqlite";
+  const { getDb } = await import("../../../database/db/index.js");
+  const { DatabaseSaveTrigger } =
+    await import("../../../utils/database-save-trigger.js");
+  const dirty = vi
+    .spyOn(DatabaseSaveTrigger, "markDirty")
+    .mockImplementation(() => {});
+  const force = vi.spyOn(DatabaseSaveTrigger, "forceSave").mockResolvedValue();
+  const query = {
+    update: () => query,
+    set: () => query,
+    where: async () => ({ changes: 1 }),
+  };
+  vi.mocked(getDb).mockReturnValue(
+    query as unknown as ReturnType<typeof getDb>,
+  );
+  try {
+    const repo = createCurrentSessionRepository();
+    await repo.touch("session-1");
+    expect(dirty).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    expect(force).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    await repo.updateToken("session-1", "new-token");
+    expect(force).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  } finally {
+    vi.restoreAllMocks();
+    if (saved === undefined) delete process.env[DATABASE_DIALECT_ENV];
+    else process.env[DATABASE_DIALECT_ENV] = saved;
+  }
+});

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/user-session-repositories.test.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ describe("UserRepository and SessionRepository", () => {
   async function createRepositories(options: {
     onUserWrite?: () => void | Promise<void>;
     onSessionWrite?: () => void | Promise<void>;
+    onSessionActivity?: () => void | Promise<void>;
   }): Promise<{
     users: UserRepository;
     sessions: SessionRepository;
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ describe("UserRepository and SessionRepository", () => {
     options: {
       onUserWrite?: () => void | Promise<void>;
       onSessionWrite?: () => void | Promise<void>;
+      onSessionActivity?: () => void | Promise<void>;
     } = {},
   ): Promise<{
     users: UserRepository;
@@ -38,7 +40,11 @@ describe("UserRepository and SessionRepository", () => {
 
     return {
       users: new UserRepository(context, options.onUserWrite),
-      sessions: new SessionRepository(context, options.onSessionWrite),
+      sessions: new SessionRepository(
+        context,
+        options.onSessionWrite,
+        options.onSessionActivity,
+      ),
     };
   }
 
@@ -228,6 +234,46 @@ describe("UserRepository and SessionRepository", () => {
     );
   });
 
+  it("separates activity persistence from security-critical session writes", async () => {
+    let writes = 0,
+      activity = 0;
+    const repo = await createRepositories({
+      onSessionWrite: () => {
+        writes++;
+      },
+      onSessionActivity: () => {
+        activity++;
+      },
+    });
+    await repo.users.create({
+      id: "user-1",
+      username: "user",
+      passwordHash: "hash",
+      isAdmin: false,
+      isOidc: false,
+    });
+    await repo.sessions.create({
+      id: "session-1",
+      userId: "user-1",
+      jwtToken: "token",
+      deviceType: "desktop",
+      deviceInfo: "Firefox",
+      createdAt: "2026-06-26T00:00:00.000Z",
+      expiresAt: "2026-06-27T00:00:00.000Z",
+      lastActiveAt: "2026-06-26T00:00:00.000Z",
+    });
+    expect(writes).toBe(1);
+    await repo.sessions.touch("session-1", "2026-06-26T00:01:00.000Z");
+    expect(activity).toBe(1);
+    expect(writes).toBe(1);
+    await repo.sessions.touch("session-1", "2026-06-26T00:01:10.000Z");
+    expect(activity).toBe(1);
+    await repo.sessions.updateToken("session-1", "renewed");
+    expect(writes).toBe(2);
+    await repo.sessions.revoke("session-1");
+    expect(writes).toBe(3);
+  });
+
   it("revokes all user sessions except an optional current session", async () => {
     const repo = await createRepositories();
     await repo.users.create({

src/backend/tests/database/routes/credentials-secret-reference.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+/**
+ * A key credential whose private key is a secret reference (op://...) is
+ * saved as given and resolved when connecting (#1394). Parsing the reference
+ * as a key used to reject it, and an update kept the old private key.
+ */
+
+import http from "node:http";
+import type { AddressInfo } from "node:net";
+import express from "express";
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+
+const h = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  created: [] as Array<Record<string, unknown>>,
+  updated: [] as Array<Record<string, unknown>>,
+  existing: null as Record<string, unknown> | null,
+}));
+
+const pass = (_req: unknown, _res: unknown, next: () => void) => next();
+
+vi.mock("../../../utils/auth-manager.js", () => ({
+  AuthManager: {
+    getInstance: () => ({
+      createAuthMiddleware:
+        () => (req: { userId?: string }, _res: unknown, next: () => void) => {
+          req.userId = "u1";
+          next();
+        },
+      createDataAccessMiddleware: () => pass,
+    }),
+  },
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../utils/permission-manager.js", () => ({
+  PermissionManager: {
+    getInstance: () => ({ requirePermission: () => pass }),
+  },
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../sync/shared-copy-guard.js", () => ({
+  rejectSharedCopyWrites: () => pass,
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../utils/audit-logger.js", () => ({
+  logAudit: async () => {},
+  getAuditUsername: async () => "u1",
+  getRequestMeta: () => ({ ipAddress: null, userAgent: null }),
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../utils/logger.js", () => {
+  const log = {
+    info: vi.fn(),
+    warn: vi.fn(),
+    error: vi.fn(),
+    success: vi.fn(),
+    debug: vi.fn(),
+  };
+  return { authLogger: log, sshLogger: log, databaseLogger: log };
+});
+vi.mock("../../../database/routes/credential-key-routes.js", () => ({
+  registerCredentialKeyRoutes: () => {},
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../database/routes/credential-deploy-routes.js", () => ({
+  registerCredentialDeployRoutes: () => {},
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../database/routes/credential-bulk-routes.js", () => ({
+  registerCredentialBulkRoutes: () => {},
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../hosts/delete-credential.js", () => ({
+  deleteOwnedCredential: async () => {},
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../hosts/connect/core-providers.js", () => ({
+  ensureCoreSshAuthProviders: () => {},
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../hosts/connect/auth-provider-registry.js", () => ({
+  listCredentialTypes: () => ["password", "key"],
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../utils/shared-host-secrets-manager.js", () => ({
+  SharedHostSecretsManager: {
+    getInstance: () => ({ resyncHostsForCredential: async () => {} }),
+  },
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../utils/shared-credential-secrets-manager.js", () => ({
+  SharedCredentialSecretsManager: {
+    getInstance: () => ({ resyncCredential: async () => {} }),
+  },
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../database/repositories/factory.js", () => ({
+  createCurrentCredentialRepository: () => ({
+    createEncryptedForUser: async (
+      userId: string,
+      data: Record<string, unknown>,
+    ) => {
+      h.created.push(data);
+      return { id: 1, userId, ...data };
+    },
+    findById: async () => (h.existing ? { id: 1, userId: "u1" } : null),
+    findDecryptedByIdForUser: async () => h.existing,
+    updateEncryptedForUser: async (
+      _userId: string,
+      _id: number,
+      fields: Record<string, unknown>,
+    ) => {
+      h.updated.push(fields);
+      return { ...h.existing, ...fields };
+    },
+  }),
+  createCurrentUserRepository: () => ({}),
+  createCurrentCredentialAccessRepository: () => ({}),
+  createCurrentRoleRepository: () => ({}),
+  createCurrentHostResolutionRepository: () => ({}),
+  createCurrentHostRepository: () => ({}),
+}));
+
+const { default: router } =
+  await import("../../../database/routes/credentials.js");
+
+// Never parsed here: only the update replacing it matters.
+const REAL_KEY = "stored-key-material";
+
+let server: http.Server;
+let base: string;
+
+beforeEach(async () => {
+  h.created = [];
+  h.updated = [];
+  h.existing = null;
+  const app = express();
+  app.use(express.json());
+  app.use("/credentials", router);
+  server = http.createServer(app);
+  await new Promise<void>((resolve) => server.listen(0, resolve));
+  base = `http://127.0.0.1:${(server.address() as AddressInfo).port}`;
+});
+
+afterEach(async () => {
+  await new Promise<void>((resolve) => server.close(() => resolve()));
+});
+
+function send(method: string, path: string, body: unknown) {
+  return fetch(`${base}/credentials${path}`, {
+    method,
+    headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+    body: JSON.stringify(body),
+  });
+}
+
+describe("credentials with a secret reference key", () => {
+  it("saves an op:// private key as given", async () => {
+    const response = await send("POST", "", {
+      name: "vault key",
+      authType: "key",
+      username: "root",
+      key: "op://vault/item/private_key",
+    });
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(201);
+    expect(h.created[0]).toMatchObject({
+      key: "op://vault/item/private_key",
+      privateKey: "op://vault/item/private_key",
+      publicKey: null,
+      detectedKeyType: null,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("still rejects a key that is neither a key nor a reference", async () => {
+    const response = await send("POST", "", {
+      name: "bad",
+      authType: "key",
+      key: "not a key",
+    });
+    expect(response.status).toBe(400);
+  });
+
+  it("replaces the stored private key when updating to a reference", async () => {
+    h.existing = {
+      id: 1,
+      userId: "u1",
+      name: "k",
+      authType: "key",
+      key: REAL_KEY,
+      privateKey: REAL_KEY,
+      publicKey: "ssh-ed25519 AAAA old",
+    };
+
+    const response = await send("PUT", "/1", {
+      key: "op://vault/item/private_key",
+    });
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+    expect(h.updated[0]).toMatchObject({
+      key: "op://vault/item/private_key",
+      privateKey: "op://vault/item/private_key",
+      publicKey: null,
+      detectedKeyType: null,
+    });
+  });
+});

src/backend/tests/database/routes/host-import-terminal-settings.test.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ const mocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
   update: vi.fn(),
   list: vi.fn(),
   applyPluginSettings: vi.fn(),
+  applyDefaults: vi.fn(async () => {}),
 }));
 vi.mock("../../../database/routes/host-plugin-settings.js", () => ({
   applyPluginHostImportSettings: mocks.applyPluginSettings,
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ vi.mock("../../../database/routes/host-plugin-settings.js", () => ({
 vi.mock("../../../hosts/defaults/index.js", () => ({
   applyHostDefaultsToWrite: async () => ({ core: [] }),
   applyDefaultsAfterHostWrite: async () => {},
+  applyDefaultsAfterHostWrites: mocks.applyDefaults,
 }));
 vi.mock("../../../hosts/defaults/overrides.js", () => ({
   changeHostOverrides: async () => {},
@@ -141,6 +143,9 @@ it.each([20, "20"])(
     ]);
     expect(mocks.create.mock.calls[1][1]).not.toHaveProperty("exportId");
     expect(mocks.create.mock.calls[1][1]).not.toHaveProperty("id");
+    // One defaults pass for the whole import, not one per host.
+    expect(mocks.applyDefaults).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(mocks.applyDefaults).toHaveBeenCalledWith([501, 502]);
   },
 );
 

src/backend/tests/database/routes/host-tag-routes.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import express from "express";
+import request from "supertest";
+
+const settings = vi.hoisted(() => new Map<string, string>());
+vi.mock("../../../database/repositories/factory.js", () => ({
+  createCurrentSettingsRepository: () => ({
+    get: async (key: string) => settings.get(key) ?? null,
+    set: async (key: string, value: string) => {
+      settings.set(key, value);
+    },
+  }),
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../utils/logger.js", () => ({
+  databaseLogger: { error: vi.fn() },
+}));
+import { registerHostTagRoutes } from "../../../database/routes/host-tag-routes.js";
+
+function app() {
+  const server = express();
+  server.use(express.json());
+  registerHostTagRoutes(
+    server,
+    (req, res, next) =>
+      req.headers.authorization ? next() : void res.sendStatus(401),
+    (req, res, next) =>
+      req.headers.authorization === "admin" ? next() : void res.sendStatus(403),
+  );
+  return server;
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => settings.clear());
+describe("instance host tag catalog", () => {
+  it("allows authenticated users to read the same admin-managed catalog", async () => {
+    const server = app();
+    await request(server)
+      .put("/tags")
+      .set("Authorization", "admin")
+      .send({ tags: [" Linux ", "Domain Controller", "Linux"] })
+      .expect(200, { tags: ["Linux", "Domain Controller"] });
+    await request(server)
+      .get("/tags")
+      .set("Authorization", "member")
+      .expect(200, { tags: ["Linux", "Domain Controller"] });
+  });
+  it("rejects anonymous reads and non-admin writes", async () => {
+    await request(app()).get("/tags").expect(401);
+    await request(app())
+      .put("/tags")
+      .set("Authorization", "member")
+      .send({ tags: ["test"] })
+      .expect(403);
+    expect(settings.size).toBe(0);
+  });
+  it.each([null, [42], [" "], ["x".repeat(101)], Array(501).fill("tag")])(
+    "rejects invalid catalogs",
+    async (tags) => {
+      await request(app())
+        .put("/tags")
+        .set("Authorization", "admin")
+        .send({ tags })
+        .expect(400);
+      expect(settings.size).toBe(0);
+    },
+  );
+  it("allows clearing suggestions without modifying hosts", async () => {
+    settings.set("host_tag_catalog", '["Linux"]');
+    await request(app())
+      .put("/tags")
+      .set("Authorization", "admin")
+      .send({ tags: [] })
+      .expect(200, { tags: [] });
+  });
+
+  it("reads a damaged catalog as empty instead of failing", async () => {
+    settings.set("host_tag_catalog", "{not json");
+    await request(app())
+      .get("/tags")
+      .set("Authorization", "member")
+      .expect(200, { tags: [] });
+  });
+});

src/backend/tests/database/routes/user-external-account-routes.test.ts

@@ -201,6 +201,65 @@ describe("linking an external account to a password account", () => {
     });
     expect(response.status).toBe(400);
   });
+
+  it("merges a 2.9.0 duplicate back into its 2.8 SSO account", async () => {
+    h.users.set("orig", {
+      id: "orig",
+      username: "bob",
+      isAdmin: false,
+      isOidc: true,
+      passwordHash: "",
+      oidcIdentifier: "sub-9",
+    });
+    h.users.set("dup", {
+      id: "dup",
+      username: "bob-1",
+      isAdmin: false,
+      isOidc: true,
+      passwordHash: "",
+      oidcIdentifier: null,
+    });
+    h.identities.push(
+      { userId: "orig", providerId: "legacy-oidc", subject: "sub-9" },
+      { userId: "dup", providerId: "1", subject: "sub-9" },
+    );
+
+    const response = await post("/link-external-to-password", {
+      externalUserId: "dup",
+      targetUsername: "bob",
+    });
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+    expect(h.deleted).toEqual(["dup"]);
+    expect(h.users.get("orig")!.oidcIdentifier).toBe("sub-9");
+    expect(
+      h.identities
+        .filter((row) => row.userId === "orig")
+        .map((row) => row.providerId),
+    ).toEqual(["legacy-oidc", "1"]);
+  });
+
+  it("does not treat an unrelated SSO account as a duplicate target", async () => {
+    h.users.set("other", {
+      id: "other",
+      username: "carol",
+      isAdmin: false,
+      isOidc: true,
+      passwordHash: "",
+      oidcIdentifier: "sub-x",
+    });
+    h.identities.push({
+      userId: "other",
+      providerId: "legacy-oidc",
+      subject: "sub-x",
+    });
+
+    const response = await post("/link-external-to-password", {
+      externalUserId: "sso",
+      targetUsername: "carol",
+    });
+    expect(response.status).toBe(400);
+  });
 });
 
 describe("unlinking", () => {

src/backend/tests/electron/after-pack.test.ts

@@ -5,9 +5,14 @@ import path from "node:path";
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 
 const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
-const { copyPluginSdk } =
+const { copyPluginSdk, resourcesDirFor } =
   require("../../../../packaging/build/after-pack.cjs") as {
     copyPluginSdk: (resourcesDir: string, sdkDir?: string) => string;
+    resourcesDirFor: (context: {
+      electronPlatformName: string;
+      appOutDir: string;
+      packager: { appInfo: { productFilename: string } };
+    }) => string;
   };
 
 let dir: string;
@@ -53,4 +58,30 @@ describe("afterPack plugin SDK copy", () => {
       "npm run build:sdk",
     );
   });
+
+  it.each(["darwin", "mas"])(
+    "copies into the app bundle for %s builds",
+    (electronPlatformName) => {
+      const context = {
+        electronPlatformName,
+        appOutDir: "/out",
+        packager: { appInfo: { productFilename: "Termix" } },
+      };
+      expect(resourcesDirFor(context)).toBe(
+        path.join("/out", "Termix.app", "Contents", "Resources"),
+      );
+    },
+  );
+
+  it.each(["win32", "linux"])(
+    "copies into resources for %s builds",
+    (electronPlatformName) => {
+      const context = {
+        electronPlatformName,
+        appOutDir: "/out",
+        packager: { appInfo: { productFilename: "Termix" } },
+      };
+      expect(resourcesDirFor(context)).toBe(path.join("/out", "resources"));
+    },
+  );
 });

src/backend/tests/hosts/host-resolver.test.ts

@@ -487,6 +487,16 @@ describe("resolveHostById", () => {
     expect(host.sshOptions).toEqual({ keepaliveCountMax: 3 });
   });
 
+  it("turns the stored force_keyboard_interactive text into a boolean", async () => {
+    state.host = baseHost({ forceKeyboardInteractive: "false" });
+    const off = (await resolveHostById(42, "owner")) as Record<string, unknown>;
+    expect(off.forceKeyboardInteractive).toBe(false);
+
+    state.host = baseHost({ forceKeyboardInteractive: "true" });
+    const on = (await resolveHostById(42, "owner")) as Record<string, unknown>;
+    expect(on.forceKeyboardInteractive).toBe(true);
+  });
+
   it("resolves an admin bypass like the owner, keeping owner-only secrets", async () => {
     state.isAdminBypass = true;
     state.host = baseHost({

src/backend/tests/hosts/host-session-status.test.ts

@@ -13,10 +13,13 @@ describe("HostSessionStatus", () => {
     expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
     expect(listener).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(7, true);
 
+    expect(status.hasActiveSession(7)).toBe(true);
     closeFirst();
+    expect(status.hasActiveSession(7)).toBe(true);
     expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
 
     closeSecond();
+    expect(status.hasActiveSession(7)).toBe(false);
     expect(listener).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(7, false);
     expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
   });

src/backend/tests/hosts/status/host-status-service.test.ts

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ function setup(
     loadSharedHostIds: async (userId) => shared[userId] ?? [],
     ping,
     pingThroughJumpHosts,
+    hasActiveSession: (id) => hostSessionStatus.hasActiveSession(id),
     globalInterval: () => 60,
     emit: (payload) => emitted.push(payload),
   });
@@ -74,6 +75,34 @@ afterEach(() => {
 });
 
 describe("HostStatusService", () => {
+  it.each([{ jumpHosts: [] }, { jumpHosts: [{ hostId: 9 }] }])(
+    "skips probes while a session is open, including jump hosts: %j",
+    async ({ jumpHosts }) => {
+      const { service, ping, pingThroughJumpHosts } = setup([
+        target(7, { jumpHosts }),
+      ]);
+      active = service;
+      const close = hostSessionStatus.register(7);
+      try {
+        await service.statusesFor("owner", null);
+        await flush();
+        await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000);
+        await flush();
+        expect(service.get(7)?.status).toBe("online");
+        expect(ping).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+        expect(pingThroughJumpHosts).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+        close();
+        await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000);
+        await flush();
+        expect(
+          jumpHosts.length ? pingThroughJumpHosts : ping,
+        ).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+      } finally {
+        close();
+      }
+    },
+  );
+
   it("starts a user's own hosts and reports them online", async () => {
     const { service, emitted, ping } = setup([target(1), target(2)]);
     active = service;

src/backend/tests/hosts/status/jump-probe-pool.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import { EventEmitter } from "node:events";
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { JumpProbePool } from "../../../hosts/status/jump-probe-pool.js";
+
+function fakeClient(reachable = true) {
+  const client = Object.assign(new EventEmitter(), {
+    end: vi.fn(),
+    forwardOut: vi.fn(
+      (
+        _srcIp: string,
+        _srcPort: number,
+        _host: string,
+        _port: number,
+        callback: (error: Error | null, stream?: { destroy(): void }) => void,
+      ) => {
+        callback(
+          reachable ? null : new Error("refused"),
+          reachable ? { destroy: () => {} } : undefined,
+        );
+      },
+    ),
+  });
+  return client;
+}
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.useRealTimers();
+});
+
+describe("JumpProbePool", () => {
+  it("shares one chain across hosts behind the same hops", async () => {
+    const client = fakeClient();
+    const open = vi.fn(async () => client as never);
+    const pool = new JumpProbePool(open);
+    const hops = [{ hostId: 1 }, { hostId: 2 }];
+
+    const results = await Promise.all([
+      pool.ping(hops, "u1", "10.0.0.3", 22),
+      pool.ping(hops, "u1", "10.0.0.4", 22),
+      pool.ping(hops, "u1", "10.0.0.5", 22),
+    ]);
+
+    expect(results).toEqual([true, true, true]);
+    expect(open).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(client.forwardOut).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+    expect(client.end).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    pool.closeAll();
+  });
+
+  it("keeps chains apart per user and hop list", async () => {
+    const open = vi.fn(async () => fakeClient() as never);
+    const pool = new JumpProbePool(open);
+    await pool.ping([{ hostId: 1 }], "u1", "a", 22);
+    await pool.ping([{ hostId: 1 }], "u2", "a", 22);
+    await pool.ping([{ hostId: 2 }], "u1", "a", 22);
+    expect(open).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+    pool.closeAll();
+  });
+
+  it("reports an unreachable target without dropping the chain", async () => {
+    const client = fakeClient(false);
+    const open = vi.fn(async () => client as never);
+    const pool = new JumpProbePool(open);
+    expect(await pool.ping([{ hostId: 1 }], "u1", "a", 22)).toBe(false);
+    expect(await pool.ping([{ hostId: 1 }], "u1", "b", 22)).toBe(false);
+    expect(open).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    pool.closeAll();
+  });
+
+  it("retries a chain that failed to open", async () => {
+    const open = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(null)
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(fakeClient());
+    const pool = new JumpProbePool(open);
+    expect(await pool.ping([{ hostId: 1 }], "u1", "a", 22)).toBe(false);
+    expect(await pool.ping([{ hostId: 1 }], "u1", "a", 22)).toBe(true);
+    pool.closeAll();
+  });
+
+  it("opens a new chain after the old one closed or sat idle", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    const first = fakeClient();
+    const second = fakeClient();
+    const third = fakeClient();
+    const open = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(first)
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(second)
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(third);
+    const pool = new JumpProbePool(open, 1000);
+
+    await pool.ping([{ hostId: 1 }], "u1", "a", 22);
+    first.emit("close");
+    await pool.ping([{ hostId: 1 }], "u1", "a", 22);
+    expect(open).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1500);
+    expect(second.end).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    await pool.ping([{ hostId: 1 }], "u1", "a", 22);
+    expect(open).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+    pool.closeAll();
+  });
+});

src/backend/tests/hosts/stored-ssh-key.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+
+const resolve = vi.fn(async (_userId: string, ref: string) => `real:${ref}`);
+vi.mock("../../hosts/external-secrets.js", async (importOriginal) => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<object>()),
+  resolveSecretReference: (userId: string, ref: string) => resolve(userId, ref),
+}));
+
+const { parseKeyForStorage, resolveKeyReferences } =
+  await import("../../hosts/stored-ssh-key.js");
+
+describe("parseKeyForStorage", () => {
+  it("accepts a secret reference without parsing it", () => {
+    expect(parseKeyForStorage(" op://v/i/private_key ")).toEqual({
+      success: true,
+      privateKey: "op://v/i/private_key",
+      publicKey: "",
+      keyType: "",
+      reference: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("does not try to open a real key with a referenced passphrase", () => {
+    const result = parseKeyForStorage("-----BEGIN...", "op://v/i/pass");
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ success: true, reference: true });
+  });
+
+  it("parses anything else as a key", () => {
+    const result = parseKeyForStorage("not a key");
+    expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.reference).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("resolveKeyReferences", () => {
+  it("resolves only the values that are references", async () => {
+    expect(await resolveKeyReferences("u1", "op://v/i/key", "plain")).toEqual({
+      key: "real:op://v/i/key",
+      passphrase: "plain",
+    });
+    expect(resolve).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+});

src/backend/tests/plugins/ctx-ssh-auth.test.ts

@@ -91,6 +91,18 @@ vi.mock("../../hosts/connect/connect-host.js", () => ({
     return { client, jumpClient: null, dispose: vi.fn(() => client.end()) };
   },
 }));
+vi.mock("../../hosts/host-resolver.js", () => ({
+  resolveHostById: async (hostId: number, userId: string) => ({
+    id: hostId,
+    userId,
+    ip: "10.0.0.5",
+    port: 22,
+    username: "root",
+    authType: "password",
+    password: "stored-secret",
+  }),
+  resolveHostBySyncId: async () => null,
+}));
 vi.mock("../../hosts/status/host-status-service.js", () => ({
   hostStatusService: {
     reportLogin: (hostId: number, outcome: unknown) =>
@@ -253,6 +265,50 @@ describe("ctx.ssh", () => {
     expect(h.connects[0].target).toMatchObject({ userId: "caller" });
   });
 
+  it("connects a copied redacted host with its stored login", async () => {
+    h.granted = new Set(["ssh:connect", "credentials:use"]);
+    const ssh = createPluginSsh({
+      manifest: manifest(["ssh:connect", "credentials:use"]),
+      bag: new DisposableBag("fixture"),
+      audit: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    });
+    const host = (await ssh.resolveHost(5))!;
+    expect((host as Record<string, unknown>).password).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(JSON.stringify(host)).not.toContain("stored-secret");
+    for (const symbol of Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(host)) {
+      expect(JSON.stringify((host as never)[symbol])).not.toContain(
+        "stored-secret",
+      );
+    }
+
+    await ssh.connect({ ...host, port: host.port || 22 });
+    expect(h.connects[0].target).toMatchObject({ password: "stored-secret" });
+
+    await ssh.connect({ ...host, password: "typed", authType: "password" });
+    expect(h.connects[1].target).toMatchObject({ password: "typed" });
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+    expect(h.logins.map((login) => login.hostId)).toEqual([5, 5]);
+  });
+
+  it("does not honor another plugin's resolved host", async () => {
+    h.granted = new Set(["ssh:connect", "credentials:use"]);
+    const deps = {
+      manifest: manifest(["ssh:connect", "credentials:use"]),
+      audit: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    };
+    const first = createPluginSsh({
+      ...deps,
+      bag: new DisposableBag("fixture"),
+    });
+    const second = createPluginSsh({
+      ...deps,
+      bag: new DisposableBag("fixture"),
+    });
+    const host = (await first.resolveHost(5))!;
+    await second.connect({ ...host });
+    expect(h.connects[0].target).not.toHaveProperty("password");
+  });
+
   it("passes a given stream through to the pipeline, gated like any connect", async () => {
     const stream = { throughSource: true };
     const ssh = createPluginSsh({

src/backend/tests/plugins/user-data.test.ts

@@ -117,6 +117,32 @@ describe("plugin user data", () => {
     expect(again).toMatchObject({ imported: 0, skipped: 1 });
   });
 
+  it("writes large tables in chunks and lets the event loop run between them", async () => {
+    const insert = sqlite.prepare(
+      "INSERT INTO p_fixture_bookmark (user_id, path) VALUES ('u1', ?)",
+    );
+    sqlite.transaction(() => {
+      for (let i = 0; i < 4999; i++) insert.run(`/p/${i}`);
+    })();
+    const file = new Database(":memory:");
+    file.exec("CREATE TABLE users (id TEXT PRIMARY KEY)");
+    file.exec("CREATE TABLE ssh_data (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY)");
+    file.exec("INSERT INTO users (id) VALUES ('u1')");
+    const transaction = vi.spyOn(file, "transaction");
+    let ticks = 0;
+    const ticker = setInterval(() => ticks++, 0);
+
+    const written = await writeUserPluginTables(file, "u1");
+    clearInterval(ticker);
+
+    expect(written).toBe(5000);
+    expect(transaction).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(ticks).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(
+      file.prepare("SELECT COUNT(*) AS n FROM p_fixture_bookmark").get(),
+    ).toEqual({ n: 5000 });
+  });
+
   it("reads a pre-2.9 export by the legacy table name", async () => {
     const file = new Database(":memory:");
     file.exec(

src/backend/tests/sync/two-way.test.ts

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ vi.mock("../../utils/database-save-trigger.js", () => ({
   DatabaseSaveTrigger: {
     triggerSave: vi.fn(),
     forceSave: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    batched: <T>(work: T) => work,
   },
 }));
 vi.mock("../../utils/system-crypto.js", () => ({

src/backend/tests/upgrade/external-identity-migration.test.ts

@@ -111,4 +111,20 @@ describe("runExternalIdentityMigration", () => {
     expect(second).toEqual({ identities: 0, skipped: 1 });
     expect(h.state.identities).toHaveLength(1);
   });
+
+  it("does not recreate a legacy-oidc link that was moved to its provider", async () => {
+    user("oidc-user", { oidcIdentifier: "sub-1" });
+    h.state.identities.push({
+      id: 1,
+      userId: "oidc-user",
+      providerId: "1",
+      subject: "sub-1",
+      email: null,
+    } as never);
+
+    const result = await runExternalIdentityMigration();
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({ identities: 0, skipped: 1 });
+    expect(h.state.identities).toHaveLength(1);
+  });
 });

src/backend/tests/upgrade/snippets-schema-migration.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import Database from "better-sqlite3";
+import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { repairSnippetsNoteColumn } from "../../upgrade/snippets-schema-migration.js";
+
+let sqlite: Database.Database;
+beforeEach(() => {
+  sqlite = new Database(":memory:");
+});
+afterEach(() => {
+  sqlite.close();
+});
+
+describe("snippet note column upgrade", () => {
+  it.each(["snippets", "p_snippets_snippets"])(
+    "repairs %s without losing rows",
+    (table) => {
+      sqlite.exec(
+        `CREATE TABLE "${table}" (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, user_id TEXT, content TEXT)`,
+      );
+      sqlite
+        .prepare(`INSERT INTO "${table}" VALUES (7, 'user', 'echo hello')`)
+        .run();
+      expect(() => sqlite.prepare(`SELECT "is_note" FROM "${table}"`)).toThrow(
+        /is_note/,
+      );
+      repairSnippetsNoteColumn(sqlite);
+      if (table === "snippets") {
+        sqlite.exec(
+          readFileSync(
+            "plugins/snippets/migrations/sqlite/0001_adopt_snippets_tables.sql",
+            "utf8",
+          ),
+        );
+      }
+      expect(
+        sqlite
+          .prepare("SELECT id, content, is_note FROM p_snippets_snippets")
+          .get(),
+      ).toEqual({ id: 7, content: "echo hello", is_note: 0 });
+      sqlite.exec("UPDATE p_snippets_snippets SET is_note = 1");
+      repairSnippetsNoteColumn(sqlite);
+      expect(
+        sqlite.prepare("SELECT is_note FROM p_snippets_snippets").get(),
+      ).toEqual({ is_note: 1 });
+    },
+  );
+
+  it("does not create tables on a fresh install", () => {
+    repairSnippetsNoteColumn(sqlite);
+    expect(
+      sqlite
+        .prepare("SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'table'")
+        .all(),
+    ).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});

src/backend/tests/upgrade/sso-legacy-identity-migration.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+/**
+ * 2.8 OIDC accounts with no provider id were filed under "legacy-oidc", but
+ * the sso plugin signs in through the migrated provider row (#1381). They move
+ * to that row when it is the only one from before 2.9 and the env provider is
+ * not in use; anything ambiguous is left alone.
+ */
+
+import Database from "better-sqlite3";
+import { drizzle } from "drizzle-orm/better-sqlite3";
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+
+const h = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  db: null as unknown,
+  warn: null as unknown as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>,
+}));
+
+vi.mock("../../database/db/index.js", () => ({ getDb: () => h.db }));
+vi.mock("../../utils/logger.js", () => {
+  const log = { info: vi.fn(), warn: vi.fn(), error: vi.fn() };
+  h.warn = log.warn;
+  return { databaseLogger: log };
+});
+
+const { runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration } =
+  await import("../../upgrade/sso-legacy-identity-migration.js");
+
+const ENV = [
+  "OIDC_CLIENT_ID",
+  "OIDC_CLIENT_SECRET",
+  "OIDC_ISSUER_URL",
+  "OIDC_AUTHORIZATION_URL",
+  "OIDC_TOKEN_URL",
+  "OIDC_ENV_OVERRIDE",
+];
+
+let sqlite: Database.Database;
+
+function setup(providers: Array<[number, string, number, number]>) {
+  sqlite = new Database(":memory:");
+  sqlite.exec(`
+    CREATE TABLE users (id TEXT PRIMARY KEY, oidc_identifier TEXT);
+    CREATE TABLE p_sso_providers (
+      id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+      name TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'x',
+      type TEXT NOT NULL,
+      enabled INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
+      legacy_callback INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
+    );
+    CREATE TABLE user_external_identities (
+      id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+      user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+      provider_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+      subject TEXT NOT NULL,
+      email TEXT
+    );
+  `);
+  const insert = sqlite.prepare(
+    "INSERT INTO p_sso_providers (id, type, enabled, legacy_callback) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)",
+  );
+  for (const row of providers) insert.run(...row);
+  h.db = drizzle(sqlite);
+}
+
+function addUser(id: string, identifier: string, providerId: string) {
+  sqlite
+    .prepare("INSERT INTO users (id, oidc_identifier) VALUES (?, ?)")
+    .run(id, identifier);
+  const subject = identifier.replace(/^github:[^:]+:/, "");
+  sqlite
+    .prepare(
+      "INSERT INTO user_external_identities (user_id, provider_id, subject) VALUES (?, ?, ?)",
+    )
+    .run(id, providerId, subject);
+}
+
+function links() {
+  return sqlite
+    .prepare(
+      "SELECT user_id, provider_id, subject FROM user_external_identities ORDER BY id",
+    )
+    .all();
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  for (const name of ENV) delete process.env[name];
+});
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  for (const name of ENV) delete process.env[name];
+});
+
+describe("runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration", () => {
+  it("moves legacy OIDC sign-ins to the one migrated provider", async () => {
+    setup([
+      [1, "oidc", 1, 1],
+      [2, "github", 1, 1],
+    ]);
+    addUser("alice", "sub-a", "legacy-oidc");
+    addUser("gh", "github:null:42", "legacy-oidc");
+
+    const result = await runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration();
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({ moved: 1, conflicts: 0 });
+    expect(links()).toEqual([
+      { user_id: "alice", provider_id: "1", subject: "sub-a" },
+      { user_id: "gh", provider_id: "legacy-oidc", subject: "42" },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("ignores OIDC providers added after the upgrade", async () => {
+    setup([
+      [1, "oidc", 1, 1],
+      [5, "oidc", 1, 0],
+    ]);
+    addUser("alice", "sub-a", "legacy-oidc");
+
+    await runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration();
+
+    expect(links()).toEqual([
+      { user_id: "alice", provider_id: "1", subject: "sub-a" },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("leaves them when two providers are from before 2.9", async () => {
+    setup([
+      [1, "oidc", 1, 1],
+      [2, "oidc", 1, 1],
+    ]);
+    addUser("alice", "sub-a", "legacy-oidc");
+
+    expect(await runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration()).toEqual({
+      moved: 0,
+      conflicts: 0,
+    });
+    expect(links()[0]).toMatchObject({ provider_id: "legacy-oidc" });
+  });
+
+  it("leaves them when the env provider signs in", async () => {
+    setup([[1, "oidc", 1, 1]]);
+    addUser("alice", "sub-a", "legacy-oidc");
+    for (const name of ENV.slice(0, 5)) process.env[name] = "x";
+    process.env.OIDC_ENV_OVERRIDE = "true";
+
+    await runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration();
+
+    expect(links()[0]).toMatchObject({ provider_id: "legacy-oidc" });
+  });
+
+  it("still moves them when env settings exist but the row is what signs in", async () => {
+    setup([[1, "oidc", 1, 1]]);
+    addUser("alice", "sub-a", "legacy-oidc");
+    for (const name of ENV.slice(0, 5)) process.env[name] = "x";
+
+    await runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration();
+
+    expect(links()[0]).toMatchObject({ provider_id: "1" });
+  });
+
+  it("skips a subject a 2.9.0 duplicate account already holds", async () => {
+    setup([[1, "oidc", 1, 1]]);
+    addUser("alice", "sub-a", "legacy-oidc");
+    sqlite
+      .prepare(
+        "INSERT INTO user_external_identities (user_id, provider_id, subject) VALUES ('dup', '1', 'sub-a')",
+      )
+      .run();
+
+    const result = await runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration();
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({ moved: 0, conflicts: 1 });
+    expect(h.warn).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(links()).toHaveLength(2);
+  });
+
+  it("drops the legacy link once the same account holds the real one", async () => {
+    setup([[1, "oidc", 1, 1]]);
+    addUser("alice", "sub-a", "legacy-oidc");
+    sqlite
+      .prepare(
+        "INSERT INTO user_external_identities (user_id, provider_id, subject) VALUES ('alice', '1', 'sub-a')",
+      )
+      .run();
+
+    await runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration();
+
+    expect(links()).toEqual([
+      { user_id: "alice", provider_id: "1", subject: "sub-a" },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("is idempotent", async () => {
+    setup([[1, "oidc", 1, 1]]);
+    addUser("alice", "sub-a", "legacy-oidc");
+    await runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration();
+    expect(await runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration()).toEqual({
+      moved: 0,
+      conflicts: 0,
+    });
+  });
+});

src/backend/tests/utils/database-save-trigger.test.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,25 @@ describe("DatabaseSaveTrigger", () => {
     DatabaseSaveTrigger.cleanup();
   });
 
+  it("batches informational touches without scheduling per-session saves", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    const save = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    DatabaseSaveTrigger.initialize(save);
+    for (let minute = 0; minute < 4; minute++) {
+      DatabaseSaveTrigger.markDirty();
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000);
+    }
+    expect(save).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(DatabaseSaveTrigger.isDirty).toBe(true);
+    expect(DatabaseSaveTrigger.getStatus().hasPendingTimeout).toBe(false);
+    const flushed = DatabaseSaveTrigger.forceSave("periodic_flush");
+    // A save yields one event-loop turn, which fake timers also control.
+    await vi.runOnlyPendingTimersAsync();
+    await flushed;
+    expect(save).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    expect(DatabaseSaveTrigger.isDirty).toBe(false);
+  });
+
   it("force saves through the initialized save function", async () => {
     const save = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
     DatabaseSaveTrigger.initialize(save);
@@ -21,6 +40,18 @@ describe("DatabaseSaveTrigger", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("lets the event loop turn before a force save resolves", async () => {
+    DatabaseSaveTrigger.initialize(vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined));
+    let turned = false;
+    setImmediate(() => {
+      turned = true;
+    });
+
+    await DatabaseSaveTrigger.forceSave("bulk_write");
+
+    expect(turned).toBe(true);
+  });
+
   it("debounces dirty saves and marks the database clean after saving", async () => {
     vi.useFakeTimers();
     const save = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
@@ -33,12 +64,24 @@ describe("DatabaseSaveTrigger", () => {
     expect(DatabaseSaveTrigger.getStatus().hasPendingTimeout).toBe(true);
 
     await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(2000);
+    await vi.runOnlyPendingTimersAsync();
 
     expect(save).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
     expect(DatabaseSaveTrigger.isDirty).toBe(false);
     expect(DatabaseSaveTrigger.getStatus().pendingSave).toBe(false);
   });
 
+  it("saves within the max wait even while writes keep coming", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    const save = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    DatabaseSaveTrigger.initialize(save);
+    for (let second = 0; second < 40; second++) {
+      void DatabaseSaveTrigger.triggerSave("sample");
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1000);
+    }
+    expect(save).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
   it("queues a force save behind an in-flight save", async () => {
     let finishFirstSave: (() => void) | undefined;
     const firstSave = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
@@ -62,4 +105,77 @@ describe("DatabaseSaveTrigger", () => {
     expect(save).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
     expect(DatabaseSaveTrigger.getStatus().pendingSave).toBe(false);
   });
+
+  it("collapses force saves inside a batch into one save", async () => {
+    const save = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    DatabaseSaveTrigger.initialize(save);
+
+    const result = await DatabaseSaveTrigger.batched(async (rows: number) => {
+      for (let i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
+        await DatabaseSaveTrigger.forceSave("row_write");
+      }
+      expect(save).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+      return rows;
+    })(50);
+
+    expect(result).toBe(50);
+    expect(save).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(DatabaseSaveTrigger.isDirty).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("folds a nested batch into the outer one", async () => {
+    const save = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    DatabaseSaveTrigger.initialize(save);
+    const inner = DatabaseSaveTrigger.batched(() =>
+      DatabaseSaveTrigger.forceSave("inner_write"),
+    );
+
+    await DatabaseSaveTrigger.batched(async () => {
+      await inner();
+      await inner();
+    })();
+
+    expect(save).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it("skips the save when a batch wrote nothing", async () => {
+    const save = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    DatabaseSaveTrigger.initialize(save);
+
+    await DatabaseSaveTrigger.batched(async () => {})();
+
+    expect(save).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("still saves what a failed batch wrote", async () => {
+    const save = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    DatabaseSaveTrigger.initialize(save);
+
+    await expect(
+      DatabaseSaveTrigger.batched(async () => {
+        await DatabaseSaveTrigger.forceSave("row_write");
+        throw new Error("boom");
+      })(),
+    ).rejects.toThrow("boom");
+
+    expect(save).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it("saves immediately for work that outlives its batch", async () => {
+    const save = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    DatabaseSaveTrigger.initialize(save);
+    let release: (() => void) | undefined;
+    const gate = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+      release = resolve;
+    });
+    let detached: Promise<void> | undefined;
+
+    await DatabaseSaveTrigger.batched(async () => {
+      detached = gate.then(() => DatabaseSaveTrigger.forceSave("late_write"));
+    })();
+    release?.();
+    await detached;
+
+    expect(save).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
 });

src/backend/upgrade/boot-migrations.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
  */
 
 import { databaseLogger } from "../utils/logger.js";
+import { DatabaseSaveTrigger } from "../utils/database-save-trigger.js";
 import { getErrorMessage } from "../utils/error-message.js";
 import { runTailscaleSettingsMigration } from "./tailscale-settings-migration.js";
 import { runProxmoxSettingsMigration } from "./proxmox-settings-migration.js";
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ import { runTotpMigration } from "./totp-migration.js";
 import { runNotificationChannelMigration } from "./notification-channel-migration.js";
 import { runTermixIdentityCaMigration } from "./termix-identity-ca-migration.js";
 import { runSsoSettingsMigration } from "./sso-settings-migration.js";
+import { runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration } from "./sso-legacy-identity-migration.js";
 import { runHostDefaultsMigration } from "./host-defaults-migration.js";
 
 const MIGRATIONS: Array<[string, () => Promise<unknown>]> = [
@@ -68,24 +70,27 @@ const MIGRATIONS: Array<[string, () => Promise<unknown>]> = [
   ["runNotificationChannelMigration", runNotificationChannelMigration],
   ["runTermixIdentityCaMigration", runTermixIdentityCaMigration],
   ["runSsoSettingsMigration", runSsoSettingsMigration],
+  ["runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration", runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration],
   ["runTelemetrySettingsMigration", runTelemetrySettingsMigration],
   // Last: it reads what the moves above wrote.
   ["runHostDefaultsMigration", runHostDefaultsMigration],
 ];
 
-export async function runPluginDataMigrations(): Promise<void> {
-  for (const [name, run] of MIGRATIONS) {
-    try {
-      await run();
-    } catch (error) {
-      databaseLogger.warn(`Plugin data migration ${name} failed`, {
-        operation: "plugin_data_migration",
-        error: getErrorMessage(error),
-      });
+export const runPluginDataMigrations = DatabaseSaveTrigger.batched(
+  async (): Promise<void> => {
+    for (const [name, run] of MIGRATIONS) {
+      try {
+        await run();
+      } catch (error) {
+        databaseLogger.warn(`Plugin data migration ${name} failed`, {
+          operation: "plugin_data_migration",
+          error: getErrorMessage(error),
+        });
+      }
     }
-  }
-  await applyHostDefaults();
-}
+    await applyHostDefaults();
+  },
+);
 
 /**
  * Classifies hosts nobody classified yet (from an older release, or for a

src/backend/upgrade/external-identity-migration.ts

@@ -79,7 +79,15 @@ export async function runExternalIdentityMigration(): Promise<ExternalIdentityMi
             parsed.providerId,
             parsed.subject,
           );
-          if (existing) {
+          // sso-legacy-identity-migration.ts moves "legacy-oidc" rows to
+          // their provider; recreating one would undo that on every boot.
+          const moved =
+            !existing &&
+            parsed.providerId === LEGACY_OIDC_PROVIDER_ID &&
+            (await auth.listIdentitiesForUser(user.id)).some(
+              (link) => link.subject === parsed.subject,
+            );
+          if (existing || moved) {
             result.skipped++;
           } else {
             await auth.linkIdentity({

src/backend/upgrade/snippets-schema-migration.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import type Database from "better-sqlite3";
+
+/** Repair older SQLite tables before adoption, or after an incomplete 2.9 upgrade. */
+export function repairSnippetsNoteColumn(sqlite: Database.Database): void {
+  for (const table of ["snippets", "p_snippets_snippets"]) {
+    const columns = sqlite.pragma(`table_info("${table}")`) as Array<{
+      name: string;
+    }>;
+    if (
+      columns.length === 0 ||
+      columns.some(({ name }) => name === "is_note")
+    ) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    sqlite.exec(
+      `ALTER TABLE "${table}" ADD COLUMN "is_note" INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0`,
+    );
+  }
+}

src/backend/upgrade/sso-legacy-identity-migration.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+/**
+ * Points 2.8 OIDC sign-ins at the provider row they came from.
+ *
+ * external-identity-migration.ts files a bare OIDC subject with no
+ * users.sso_provider_id under "legacy-oidc", the id the sso plugin gives its
+ * env-configured provider. Those accounts came from the single 2.8 OIDC
+ * config, which 2.8 copied into an sso_providers row, and the plugin signs in
+ * through that row with its id. Without this they could not sign in at all
+ * (#1381).
+ *
+ * Only runs when the answer is clear: the env provider is not what signs in,
+ * and exactly one OIDC row is from before 2.9. An identity whose target is
+ * already taken (a duplicate account made by 2.9.0) is left for an admin.
+ * Idempotent.
+ */
+
+import { sql } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { databaseLogger } from "../utils/logger.js";
+import {
+  runStatement,
+  selectRows,
+} from "../utils/crypto-migration/raw-rows.js";
+
+const LEGACY_OIDC_PROVIDER_ID = "legacy-oidc";
+const SOURCES = ["p_sso_providers", "sso_providers"];
+
+export interface SsoLegacyIdentityMigrationResult {
+  moved: number;
+  conflicts: number;
+}
+
+async function tableExists(name: string): Promise<boolean> {
+  try {
+    await selectRows(sql`SELECT 1 FROM ${sql.identifier(name)} WHERE 1 = 0`);
+    return true;
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+function isOn(value: unknown): boolean {
+  return value === true || value === 1 || value === "1" || value === "t";
+}
+
+function envProviderConfigured(): boolean {
+  return [
+    "OIDC_CLIENT_ID",
+    "OIDC_CLIENT_SECRET",
+    "OIDC_ISSUER_URL",
+    "OIDC_AUTHORIZATION_URL",
+    "OIDC_TOKEN_URL",
+  ].every((name) => !!process.env[name]);
+}
+
+interface ProviderRow {
+  id: number;
+  type: string;
+  enabled: unknown;
+  legacy_callback?: unknown;
+}
+
+async function readProviders(table: string): Promise<ProviderRow[]> {
+  try {
+    return await selectRows<ProviderRow>(
+      sql`SELECT id, type, enabled, legacy_callback FROM ${sql.identifier(table)}`,
+    );
+  } catch {
+    return await selectRows<ProviderRow>(
+      sql`SELECT id, type, enabled FROM ${sql.identifier(table)}`,
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+/** The row "legacy-oidc" sign-ins belong to, or null when that is unclear. */
+async function findTargetProvider(): Promise<number | null> {
+  for (const table of SOURCES) {
+    if (!(await tableExists(table))) continue;
+    const rows = await readProviders(table);
+
+    // The env provider signs in as "legacy-oidc" when it overrides the rows
+    // or no row is enabled, so those identities are already right.
+    const enabled = rows.filter((row) => isOn(row.enabled));
+    if (
+      envProviderConfigured() &&
+      (process.env.OIDC_ENV_OVERRIDE?.toLowerCase() === "true" ||
+        enabled.length === 0)
+    ) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    const oidc = rows.filter((row) => row.type === "oidc");
+    const legacy = oidc.filter(
+      (row) => row.legacy_callback === undefined || isOn(row.legacy_callback),
+    );
+    return legacy.length === 1 ? Number(legacy[0].id) : null;
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+export async function runSsoLegacyIdentityMigration(): Promise<SsoLegacyIdentityMigrationResult> {
+  const result: SsoLegacyIdentityMigrationResult = { moved: 0, conflicts: 0 };
+  try {
+    const target = await findTargetProvider();
+    if (target === null) return result;
+    const providerId = String(target);
+
+    // "github:null:<id>" also landed on "legacy-oidc", but its identifier
+    // kept the prefix, so matching the bare column picks only OIDC ones.
+    const identities = await selectRows<{
+      id: number;
+      user_id: string;
+      subject: string;
+    }>(
+      sql`SELECT i.id, i.user_id, i.subject FROM user_external_identities i JOIN users u ON u.id = i.user_id WHERE i.provider_id = ${LEGACY_OIDC_PROVIDER_ID} AND u.oidc_identifier = i.subject`,
+    );
+
+    for (const identity of identities) {
+      const [taken] = await selectRows<{ user_id: string }>(
+        sql`SELECT user_id FROM user_external_identities WHERE provider_id = ${providerId} AND subject = ${identity.subject}`,
+      );
+      if (taken) {
+        if (taken.user_id !== identity.user_id) {
+          result.conflicts++;
+          databaseLogger.warn(
+            "An SSO subject is linked to two accounts; merge or delete the duplicate",
+            {
+              operation: "sso_legacy_identity_conflict",
+              userId: identity.user_id,
+              duplicateUserId: taken.user_id,
+              providerId,
+            },
+          );
+          continue;
+        }
+        await runStatement(
+          sql`DELETE FROM user_external_identities WHERE id = ${identity.id}`,
+        );
+        result.moved++;
+        continue;
+      }
+      await runStatement(
+        sql`UPDATE user_external_identities SET provider_id = ${providerId} WHERE id = ${identity.id}`,
+      );
+      result.moved++;
+    }
+
+    if (result.moved > 0) {
+      databaseLogger.info("Moved 2.8 OIDC sign-ins to their provider", {
+        operation: "sso_legacy_identity_migration",
+        providerId,
+        ...result,
+      });
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    databaseLogger.error("SSO legacy identity migration failed", error, {
+      operation: "sso_legacy_identity_migration_failed",
+    });
+  }
+  return result;
+}

src/backend/utils/database-save-trigger.ts

@@ -1,13 +1,22 @@
+import { AsyncLocalStorage } from "node:async_hooks";
 import { getErrorMessage } from "./error-message.js";
 import { databaseLogger } from "./logger.js";
 
+const DEBOUNCE_MS = 2000;
+const MAX_DEBOUNCE_WAIT_MS = 30_000;
+
 export class DatabaseSaveTrigger {
   private static saveFunction: (() => Promise<void>) | null = null;
   private static isInitialized = false;
   private static pendingSave = false;
   private static activeSave: Promise<void> | null = null;
   private static saveTimeout: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null;
+  private static firstTriggerAt: number | null = null;
   private static _dirty = false;
+  private static batch = new AsyncLocalStorage<{
+    open: boolean;
+    pending: boolean;
+  }>();
 
   static initialize(saveFunction: () => Promise<void>): void {
     this.saveFunction = saveFunction;
@@ -18,6 +27,11 @@ export class DatabaseSaveTrigger {
     return this._dirty;
   }
 
+  /** Informational changes join the next periodic or critical save. */
+  static markDirty(): void {
+    if (this.isInitialized) this._dirty = true;
+  }
+
   static markClean(): void {
     this._dirty = false;
   }
@@ -39,8 +53,18 @@ export class DatabaseSaveTrigger {
       clearTimeout(this.saveTimeout);
     }
 
+    // Each call pushes the save back, so steady writes (samples every few
+    // seconds) would keep it from ever running. Cap how long it can wait.
+    const now = Date.now();
+    this.firstTriggerAt ??= now;
+    const delay = Math.max(
+      0,
+      Math.min(DEBOUNCE_MS, this.firstTriggerAt + MAX_DEBOUNCE_WAIT_MS - now),
+    );
+
     this.saveTimeout = setTimeout(async () => {
       this.saveTimeout = null;
+      this.firstTriggerAt = null;
 
       try {
         await this.runSave();
@@ -52,7 +76,28 @@ export class DatabaseSaveTrigger {
           error: getErrorMessage(error),
         });
       }
-    }, 2000);
+    }, delay);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Wraps `work` so the force saves made while it runs collapse into one save
+   * when it finishes. Every save serializes and encrypts the whole database,
+   * so a loop writing one row per host per setting otherwise rewrites the
+   * file once per row. Nested scopes fold into the outer one; work that
+   * outlives its scope (fire-and-forget) saves normally again.
+   */
+  static batched<A extends unknown[], T>(
+    work: (...args: A) => Promise<T>,
+  ): (...args: A) => Promise<T> {
+    return async (...args) => {
+      const scope = { open: true, pending: false };
+      try {
+        return await this.batch.run(scope, () => work(...args));
+      } finally {
+        scope.open = false;
+        if (scope.pending) await this.forceSave("batched_writes");
+      }
+    };
   }
 
   static async forceSave(reason: string = "critical_operation"): Promise<void> {
@@ -67,10 +112,18 @@ export class DatabaseSaveTrigger {
       return;
     }
 
+    const scope = this.batch.getStore();
+    if (scope?.open) {
+      scope.pending = true;
+      this._dirty = true;
+      return;
+    }
+
     if (this.saveTimeout) {
       clearTimeout(this.saveTimeout);
       this.saveTimeout = null;
     }
+    this.firstTriggerAt = null;
 
     try {
       await this.runSave();
@@ -94,7 +147,13 @@ export class DatabaseSaveTrigger {
       }
     }
 
-    const save = Promise.resolve().then(() => this.saveFunction!());
+    // Each save serializes the whole database into fresh buffers, and V8 only
+    // frees them once the event loop turns. A loop of awaited writes (boot
+    // migrations, bulk import) never yields, so every save's copies piled up
+    // until the process ran out of memory.
+    const save = Promise.resolve()
+      .then(() => this.saveFunction!())
+      .finally(() => new Promise<void>((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve)));
     this.activeSave = save;
     this.pendingSave = true;
 
@@ -125,10 +184,12 @@ export class DatabaseSaveTrigger {
       clearTimeout(this.saveTimeout);
       this.saveTimeout = null;
     }
+    this.firstTriggerAt = null;
 
     this.pendingSave = false;
     this.activeSave = null;
     this.isInitialized = false;
+    this._dirty = false;
     this.saveFunction = null;
   }
 }

src/backend/utils/swagger.ts

@@ -65,6 +65,21 @@ const swaggerOptions: SwaggerJSDocOptions = {
           type: "http",
           scheme: "bearer",
           bearerFormat: "JWT",
+          description: "Session JWT sent as Authorization: Bearer <JWT>.",
+        },
+        cookieAuth: {
+          type: "apiKey",
+          in: "cookie",
+          name: "jwt",
+          description:
+            "Session JWT cookie set at sign-in. When present, it takes precedence over the Authorization header.",
+        },
+        apiKeyAuth: {
+          type: "http",
+          scheme: "bearer",
+          bearerFormat: "tmx_<api key>",
+          description:
+            "API key sent as Authorization: Bearer tmx_<api key>. Permissions follow the key owner's account; encrypted data must be unlocked separately. API keys cannot impersonate another user.",
         },
       },
       schemas: {
@@ -81,6 +96,12 @@ const swaggerOptions: SwaggerJSDocOptions = {
       {
         bearerAuth: [],
       },
+      {
+        cookieAuth: [],
+      },
+      {
+        apiKeyAuth: [],
+      },
     ],
     tags: [
       {

src/ui/api/host-tags-api.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import { hostApi } from "@/main-axios";
+
+export async function getHostTags(): Promise<string[]> {
+  return (await hostApi.get<{ tags: string[] }>("/tags")).data.tags;
+}
+
+export async function saveHostTags(tags: string[]): Promise<string[]> {
+  return (await hostApi.put<{ tags: string[] }>("/tags", { tags })).data.tags;
+}

src/ui/auth/Auth.tsx

@@ -296,6 +296,15 @@ export function Auth({ onLogin }: AuthProps) {
   const [pendingToken, setPendingToken] = useState("");
   const [secondFactors, setSecondFactors] = useState<SecondFactorRef[]>([]);
   const [activeFactorId, setActiveFactorId] = useState("");
+  const [authPluginsLoading, setAuthPluginsLoading] = useState(true);
+  const retryAuthPlugins = async () => {
+    setAuthPluginsLoading(true);
+    try {
+      await startPreLoginPlugins({ retryFailed: true });
+    } finally {
+      setAuthPluginsLoading(false);
+    }
+  };
   const loginMethodUIs = useLoginMethods();
   const secondFactorUIs = useSecondFactors();
   // A server that did not list its factors gets every factor with a UI here.
@@ -434,7 +443,9 @@ export function Auth({ onLogin }: AuthProps) {
       .then((allowed) => setPasswordResetAllowed(allowed))
       .catch(() => setPasswordResetAllowed(false));
     // Plugins that draw login or second-factor UI load before sign-in.
-    void startPreLoginPlugins().catch(() => {});
+    void startPreLoginPlugins()
+      .catch(() => {})
+      .finally(() => setAuthPluginsLoading(false));
     getLoginMethods()
       .then((methods) => setAuthMethods(methods))
       .catch(() => setAuthMethods([]))
@@ -1364,9 +1375,24 @@ export function Auth({ onLogin }: AuthProps) {
                   );
                   if (!ui) {
                     return (
-                      <p className="text-xs text-destructive">
-                        {t("auth.secondFactorNoUI")}
-                      </p>
+                      <div className="space-y-2" aria-live="polite">
+                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                          {t(
+                            authPluginsLoading
+                              ? "common.loading"
+                              : "auth.secondFactorNoUI",
+                          )}
+                        </p>
+                        <Button
+                          type="button"
+                          disabled={authPluginsLoading}
+                          onClick={() =>
+                            void retryAuthPlugins().catch(() => {})
+                          }
+                        >
+                          {t("auth.retrySecondFactorUI")}
+                        </Button>
+                      </div>
                     );
                   }
                   const Component = ui.component;

src/ui/components/dialog.tsx

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
 import * as React from "react";
 import { Dialog as DialogPrimitive } from "radix-ui";
 
@@ -53,6 +54,8 @@ function DialogContent({
 }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DialogPrimitive.Content> & {
   showCloseButton?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useTranslation();
+
   return (
     <DialogPortal>
       <DialogOverlay />
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ function DialogContent({
               size="icon-sm"
             >
               <XIcon />
-              <span className="sr-only">Close</span>
+              <span className="sr-only">{t("common.close")}</span>
             </Button>
           </DialogPrimitive.Close>
         )}
@@ -100,6 +103,8 @@ function DialogFooter({
 }: React.ComponentProps<"div"> & {
   showCloseButton?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useTranslation();
+
   return (
     <div
       data-slot="dialog-footer"
@@ -112,7 +117,7 @@ function DialogFooter({
       {children}
       {showCloseButton && (
         <DialogPrimitive.Close asChild>
-          <Button variant="outline">Close</Button>
+          <Button variant="outline">{t("common.close")}</Button>
         </DialogPrimitive.Close>
       )}
     </div>

src/ui/components/select2.tsx

@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ function Select2({
           <input
             value={query}
             onChange={(event) => setQuery(event.target.value)}
-            placeholder="Search..."
+            placeholder={t("common.search")}
             className="h-9 w-full bg-transparent text-sm outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground"
             autoFocus
           />

src/ui/components/sheet.tsx

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
 import * as React from "react";
 import { Dialog as SheetPrimitive } from "radix-ui";
 
@@ -53,6 +54,8 @@ function SheetContent({
   side?: "top" | "right" | "bottom" | "left";
   showCloseButton?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useTranslation();
+
   return (
     <SheetPortal>
       <SheetOverlay />
@@ -74,7 +77,7 @@ function SheetContent({
               size="icon-sm"
             >
               <XIcon />
-              <span className="sr-only">Close</span>
+              <span className="sr-only">{t("common.close")}</span>
             </Button>
           </SheetPrimitive.Close>
         )}

src/ui/components/sidebar.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /* eslint-disable react-refresh/only-export-components */
 "use client";
 
+import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
 import * as React from "react";
 import { cva, type VariantProps } from "class-variance-authority";
 import { Slot } from "radix-ui";
@@ -159,6 +160,7 @@ function Sidebar({
   collapsible?: "offcanvas" | "icon" | "none";
 }) {
   const { isMobile, state, openMobile, setOpenMobile } = useSidebar();
+  const { t } = useTranslation();
 
   if (collapsible === "none") {
     return (
@@ -192,8 +194,10 @@ function Sidebar({
           side={side}
         >
           <SheetHeader className="sr-only">
-            <SheetTitle>Sidebar</SheetTitle>
-            <SheetDescription>Displays the mobile sidebar.</SheetDescription>
+            <SheetTitle>{t("common.sidebar")}</SheetTitle>
+            <SheetDescription>
+              {t("common.mobileSidebarDescription")}
+            </SheetDescription>
           </SheetHeader>
           <div className="flex h-full w-full flex-col">{children}</div>
         </SheetContent>
@@ -253,6 +257,7 @@ function SidebarTrigger({
   ...props
 }: React.ComponentProps<typeof Button>) {
   const { toggleSidebar } = useSidebar();
+  const { t } = useTranslation();
 
   return (
     <Button
@@ -268,22 +273,23 @@ function SidebarTrigger({
       {...props}
     >
       <PanelLeftIcon />
-      <span className="sr-only">Toggle Sidebar</span>
+      <span className="sr-only">{t("common.toggleSidebar")}</span>
     </Button>
   );
 }
 
 function SidebarRail({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<"button">) {
   const { toggleSidebar } = useSidebar();
+  const { t } = useTranslation();
 
   return (
     <button
       data-sidebar="rail"
       data-slot="sidebar-rail"
-      aria-label="Toggle Sidebar"
+      aria-label={t("common.toggleSidebar")}
       tabIndex={-1}
       onClick={toggleSidebar}
-      title="Toggle Sidebar"
+      title={t("common.toggleSidebar")}
       className={cn(
         "absolute inset-y-0 z-20 hidden w-4 transition-all ease-linear group-data-[side=left]:-right-4 group-data-[side=right]:left-0 after:absolute after:inset-y-0 after:start-1/2 after:w-[2px] hover:after:bg-sidebar-border sm:flex ltr:-translate-x-1/2 rtl:-translate-x-1/2",
         "in-data-[side=left]:cursor-w-resize in-data-[side=right]:cursor-e-resize",

src/ui/locales/en.json

@@ -116,6 +116,8 @@
     "updateLinkLabel": "Update available. Open the release notes on GitHub"
   },
   "common": {
+    "scrollTabsLeft": "Scroll tabs left",
+    "scrollTabsRight": "Scroll tabs right",
     "close": "Close",
     "minimize": "Minimize",
     "online": "Online",
@@ -187,7 +189,11 @@
     "remove": "Remove",
     "add": "Add",
     "update": "Update",
-    "noResults": "No results found"
+    "noResults": "No results found",
+    "sidebar": "Sidebar",
+    "mobileSidebarDescription": "Displays the mobile sidebar.",
+    "toggleSidebar": "Toggle Sidebar",
+    "search": "Search..."
   },
   "onboarding": {
     "stepCounter": "Step {{current}} of {{total}}",
@@ -477,7 +483,7 @@
     "sameHost": "This host (direct tunnel)",
     "statusChecksLabel": "Status Checks",
     "enableStatusChecks": "Enable Status Checks",
-    "enableStatusChecksDesc": "Periodically ping this host to verify availability",
+    "enableStatusChecksDesc": "Check host reachability. Active sessions skip extra probes. SSH probes without an active session may trigger aggressive Fail2Ban rules; disable status checks on those hosts.",
     "useGlobalInterval": "Use Global Interval",
     "useGlobalIntervalDesc": "Override with the server-wide status check interval",
     "checkIntervalS": "Check Interval (s)",
@@ -1058,7 +1064,8 @@
     "secondFactorUnavailable": "Your account uses a second factor that is not available right now. Contact an admin to reset it.",
     "secondFactorNoUI": "This second factor cannot be shown on this screen. Contact an admin.",
     "serverAuthentication": "Server sign-in",
-    "minChars": "min. {{min}} characters"
+    "minChars": "min. {{min}} characters",
+    "retrySecondFactorUI": "Reload verification methods"
   },
   "hostKey": {
     "verifyNewHost": "Verify SSH Host Key",
@@ -1119,7 +1126,13 @@
     "language": "Language",
     "keyPassword": "key password",
     "pastePrivateKey": "Paste your private key here...",
-    "enterPassword": "Enter your password"
+    "enterPassword": "Enter your password",
+    "apiKeyName": "e.g., CI Pipeline",
+    "credentialName": "e.g. Production SSH Key",
+    "optionalDetails": "Optional details...",
+    "sshUsername": "e.g. root or deploy",
+    "hostAddress": "10.0.0.1 or example.com",
+    "hostName": "e.g. Web Server Production"
   },
   "dashboard": {
     "title": "Dashboard",
@@ -1501,7 +1514,11 @@
     "sslIssuer": "Issued by {{issuer}}",
     "sslNames": "Covers {{names}}",
     "sslManualTitle": "Upload a certificate",
-    "updateExternalAutoProvisionFailed": "Failed to update the auto-create setting"
+    "updateExternalAutoProvisionFailed": "Failed to update the auto-create setting",
+    "hostTags": "Predefined host tags",
+    "hostTagsDesc": "One tag per line, available to all users. Editing this list changes suggestions only; tags already assigned to hosts are kept.",
+    "hostTagsSaved": "Host tag suggestions saved.",
+    "hostTagsError": "Could not load or save host tag suggestions."
   },
   "newUi": {
     "sidebar": {

src/ui/plugin-host/loader.ts

@@ -449,7 +449,9 @@ async function fetchPreLoginPlugins(): Promise<PluginSummary[]> {
  * factors) before anyone has signed in. After sign-in the full runtime
  * reconciles, keeping these active when their bundle has not changed.
  */
-export async function startPreLoginPlugins(): Promise<void> {
+export async function startPreLoginPlugins(
+  options: { retryFailed?: boolean } = {},
+): Promise<void> {
   installPluginHostBridge();
   let list: PluginSummary[];
   try {
@@ -468,6 +470,9 @@ export async function startPreLoginPlugins(): Promise<void> {
     // subset would unload everything else. Auth remounts during the
     // post-login fade, so this runs after sign-in every time.
     if (started) return;
+    if (options.retryFailed) {
+      for (const plugin of list) failedVersions.delete(plugin.id);
+    }
     await reconcile(list);
     markPluginsSettled();
   });

src/ui/settings/FeatureSettingsSections.tsx

@@ -77,9 +77,12 @@ export function FeatureSettingsSection({
   open: boolean;
   onToggle: () => void;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useTranslation();
   return (
     <AccordionSection
-      label={plugin.name}
+      label={t(pluginKey(plugin.id, "plugin.name"), {
+        defaultValue: plugin.name,
+      })}
       icon={<PluginIcon name={plugin.icon} className="size-3.5" />}
       open={open}
       onToggle={onToggle}
@@ -206,7 +209,11 @@ function FeatureSettingsForm({
     <div className="flex flex-col gap-2 pt-2">
       {!running && (
         <div className="border border-yellow-500/40 bg-yellow-500/10 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-yellow-500">
-          {t("settings.featureUnavailable", { name: plugin.name })}
+          {t("settings.featureUnavailable", {
+            name: t(pluginKey(plugin.id, "plugin.name"), {
+              defaultValue: plugin.name,
+            }),
+          })}
         </div>
       )}
 

src/ui/shell/CommandPalette.tsx

@@ -646,7 +646,9 @@ export function CommandPalette({
                   className="flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2 rounded-none hover:bg-accent-brand/10 cursor-pointer"
                 >
                   <LifeBuoy className="size-4 text-muted-foreground" />
-                  <span className="text-sm font-medium">Support</span>
+                  <span className="text-sm font-medium">
+                    {t("dashboard.support")}
+                  </span>
                 </CommandItem>
               </div>
             </CommandGroup>

src/ui/sidebar/AdminApiKeysSection.tsx

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ export function AdminApiKeysSection({
                     <span className="text-accent-brand">*</span>
                   </label>
                   <Input
-                    placeholder="e.g., CI Pipeline"
+                    placeholder={t("placeholders.apiKeyName")}
                     value={newKeyName}
                     onChange={(e) => setNewKeyName(e.target.value)}
                     className="text-xs"

src/ui/sidebar/AdminHostTags.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
+import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
+import { Button } from "@/components/button";
+import { getHostTags, saveHostTags } from "@/api/host-tags-api";
+
+export function AdminHostTags() {
+  const { t } = useTranslation();
+  const [value, setValue] = useState("");
+  const [loaded, setLoaded] = useState(false);
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false);
+  const [message, setMessage] = useState("");
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+    getHostTags()
+      .then((tags) => {
+        if (cancelled) return;
+        setValue(tags.join("\n"));
+        setLoaded(true);
+      })
+      .catch(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) setMessage(t("admin.hostTagsError"));
+      });
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+  }, [t]);
+
+  async function save() {
+    setSaving(true);
+    setMessage("");
+    try {
+      const tags = await saveHostTags(
+        value
+          .split("\n")
+          .map((tag) => tag.trim())
+          .filter(Boolean),
+      );
+      setValue(tags.join("\n"));
+      setMessage(t("admin.hostTagsSaved"));
+      window.dispatchEvent(new Event("termix:host-tags-changed"));
+    } catch {
+      setMessage(t("admin.hostTagsError"));
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-col gap-2 border-t border-border py-3">
+      <label htmlFor="global-host-tags" className="text-xs font-medium">
+        {t("admin.hostTags")}
+      </label>
+      <p className="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">
+        {t("admin.hostTagsDesc")}
+      </p>
+      <textarea
+        id="global-host-tags"
+        rows={5}
+        disabled={!loaded || saving}
+        value={value}
+        onChange={(event) => setValue(event.target.value)}
+        className="w-full border border-border bg-background p-2 text-xs"
+      />
+      <Button
+        type="button"
+        size="sm"
+        disabled={!loaded || saving}
+        onClick={() => void save()}
+      >
+        {t("common.save")}
+      </Button>
+      {message && (
+        <p role="status" className="text-xs">
+          {message}
+        </p>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  );
+}

src/ui/sidebar/AdminSettingsSections.tsx

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { Input } from "@/components/input";
 import { SettingRow } from "@/components/section-card";
 import { Database, Lock, RefreshCw, Server, Settings } from "lucide-react";
 import { AccordionSection, AdminToggle } from "./AdminSettingsShared";
+import { AdminHostTags } from "./AdminHostTags";
 import type { TlsStatus } from "@/api/tls-api";
 
 type GeneralSettingsSectionProps = {
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@ export function AdminGeneralSettingsSection({
       onToggle={onToggle}
     >
       <div className="flex flex-col gap-0 pt-2">
+        <AdminHostTags />
         <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5 py-2">
           <span className="text-xs font-medium">
             {t("admin.notificationPrivateEndpoints")}

src/ui/sidebar/CredentialEditorView.tsx

@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ export function CredentialEditorView({
                 {t("hosts.friendlyNameLabel")}
               </label>
               <Input
-                placeholder="e.g. Production SSH Key"
+                placeholder={t("placeholders.credentialName")}
                 value={credForm.name}
                 onChange={(e) => setCredField("name", e.target.value)}
               />
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ export function CredentialEditorView({
                 {t("hosts.descriptionLabel")}
               </label>
               <Input
-                placeholder="Optional details..."
+                placeholder={t("placeholders.optionalDetails")}
                 value={credForm.description}
                 onChange={(e) => setCredField("description", e.target.value)}
               />
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ export function CredentialEditorView({
                 {t("hosts.username")}
               </label>
               <Input
-                placeholder="e.g. root or deploy"
+                placeholder={t("placeholders.sshUsername")}
                 value={credForm.username}
                 onChange={(e) => setCredField("username", e.target.value)}
               />

src/ui/sidebar/HostEditor.tsx

@@ -1444,7 +1444,7 @@ export function HostEditor({
                   {t("hosts.friendlyNameLabel")}
                 </label>
                 <Input
-                  placeholder="e.g. Production SSH Key"
+                  placeholder={t("placeholders.credentialName")}
                   value={quickCredentialName}
                   onChange={(e) => setQuickCredentialName(e.target.value)}
                 />

src/ui/sidebar/HostEditorGeneralTab.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import React from "react";
+import { getHostTags } from "@/api/host-tags-api";
 import type { ProxyNode } from "@/types/index";
 import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
 import { Button } from "@/components/button";
@@ -47,6 +48,39 @@ export function HostEditorGeneralTab({
   const { t } = useTranslation();
   const syncLinked = !!useSyncStatus()?.linked;
   const pluginProtocols = useHostProtocols();
+  const [predefinedTags, setPredefinedTags] = React.useState<string[]>([]);
+  React.useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+    const load = () => {
+      void getHostTags()
+        .then((tags) => {
+          if (!cancelled) setPredefinedTags(tags);
+        })
+        .catch(() => {});
+    };
+    load();
+    window.addEventListener("termix:host-tags-changed", load);
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+      window.removeEventListener("termix:host-tags-changed", load);
+    };
+  }, []);
+  const suggestedTags = [
+    ...new Set([
+      ...predefinedTags,
+      ...hosts.flatMap((item) => item.tags ?? []),
+    ]),
+  ].filter(
+    (tag) =>
+      !form.tags.includes(tag) &&
+      tag
+        .toLocaleLowerCase()
+        .includes(form.tagInput.trim().toLocaleLowerCase()),
+  );
+  const addTag = (tag: string) => {
+    if (!form.tags.includes(tag)) setField("tags", [...form.tags, tag]);
+    setField("tagInput", "");
+  };
 
   // Tracks which picker is shown, independent of whether a value is set yet
   // -- switching to "parent host" mode with nothing picked shouldn't bounce
@@ -174,7 +208,7 @@ export function HostEditorGeneralTab({
                 {t("hosts.addressIp")}
               </label>
               <Input
-                placeholder="10.0.0.1 or example.com"
+                placeholder={t("placeholders.hostAddress")}
                 value={form.ip}
                 onChange={(e) => setField("ip", e.target.value)}
               />
@@ -186,7 +220,7 @@ export function HostEditorGeneralTab({
                   {t("hosts.friendlyName")}
                 </label>
                 <Input
-                  placeholder="e.g. Web Server Production"
+                  placeholder={t("placeholders.hostName")}
                   value={form.name}
                   onChange={(e) => setField("name", e.target.value)}
                 />
@@ -283,14 +317,12 @@ export function HostEditorGeneralTab({
                   onChange={(e) => setField("tagInput", e.target.value)}
                   onKeyDown={(e) => {
                     if (
-                      (e.key === " " || e.key === "Enter") &&
+                      e.key === "Enter" &&
+                      !e.nativeEvent.isComposing &&
                       form.tagInput.trim()
                     ) {
                       e.preventDefault();
-                      const tag = form.tagInput.trim();
-                      if (!form.tags.includes(tag))
-                        setField("tags", [...form.tags, tag]);
-                      setField("tagInput", "");
+                      addTag(form.tagInput.trim());
                     } else if (
                       e.key === "Backspace" &&
                       !form.tagInput &&
@@ -302,6 +334,24 @@ export function HostEditorGeneralTab({
                 />
               </div>
             </div>
+            {suggestedTags.length > 0 && (
+              <div
+                className="col-span-2 flex flex-wrap gap-1 max-h-24 overflow-y-auto"
+                aria-label={t("admin.hostTags")}
+              >
+                {suggestedTags.map((tag) => (
+                  <Button
+                    type="button"
+                    key={tag}
+                    variant="outline"
+                    size="sm"
+                    onClick={() => addTag(tag)}
+                  >
+                    {tag}
+                  </Button>
+                ))}
+              </div>
+            )}
             <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5 col-span-2">
               <label className="text-[10px] font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground">
                 {t("hosts.privateNotes")}

src/ui/sidebar/HostManagerTabs.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,19 @@
 /* eslint-disable react-refresh/only-export-components */
-import { useEffect, useRef, type ComponentType, type ReactNode } from "react";
-import { KeyRound, Settings, Terminal } from "lucide-react";
+import {
+  useEffect,
+  useRef,
+  useState,
+  type ComponentType,
+  type ReactNode,
+} from "react";
+import {
+  ChevronLeft,
+  ChevronRight,
+  KeyRound,
+  Settings,
+  Terminal,
+} from "lucide-react";
+import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
 import { byOrderThenId, createRegistry } from "@/lib/registry";
 
 /** Core host editor tabs. Plugins add theirs through registerHostEditorSection. */
@@ -197,6 +210,27 @@ export function TabStrip({
   variant?: "primary" | "secondary";
 }) {
   const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
+  const { t } = useTranslation();
+  const [scroll, setScroll] = useState({ left: false, right: false });
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const el = ref.current;
+    if (!el) return;
+    const update = () =>
+      setScroll({
+        left: el.scrollLeft > 1,
+        right: el.scrollLeft + el.clientWidth < el.scrollWidth - 1,
+      });
+    const observer = new ResizeObserver(update);
+    observer.observe(el);
+    if (el.firstElementChild) observer.observe(el.firstElementChild);
+    el.addEventListener("scroll", update);
+    update();
+    return () => {
+      observer.disconnect();
+      el.removeEventListener("scroll", update);
+    };
+  }, [tabs]);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     const el = ref.current;
     if (!el) return;
@@ -229,14 +263,48 @@ export function TabStrip({
     );
   };
 
+  const overflow = scroll.left || scroll.right;
   return (
     <div
-      ref={ref}
-      className={`overflow-x-auto scrollbar-none ${
-        variant === "secondary" ? "border-t border-border bg-card" : ""
-      }`}
+      className={`flex min-w-0 items-center ${variant === "secondary" ? "border-t border-border bg-card" : ""}`}
     >
-      <div className="flex min-w-max">{tabs.map(renderTab)}</div>
+      {overflow && (
+        <button
+          type="button"
+          aria-label={t("common.scrollTabsLeft")}
+          title={t("common.scrollTabsLeft")}
+          disabled={!scroll.left}
+          className="shrink-0 p-1 disabled:opacity-30"
+          onClick={() =>
+            ref.current?.scrollBy({
+              left: -ref.current.clientWidth * 0.75,
+              behavior: "smooth",
+            })
+          }
+        >
+          <ChevronLeft className="size-4" />
+        </button>
+      )}
+      <div ref={ref} className="min-w-0 flex-1 overflow-x-auto scrollbar-none">
+        <div className="flex min-w-max">{tabs.map(renderTab)}</div>
+      </div>
+      {overflow && (
+        <button
+          type="button"
+          aria-label={t("common.scrollTabsRight")}
+          title={t("common.scrollTabsRight")}
+          disabled={!scroll.right}
+          className="shrink-0 p-1 disabled:opacity-30"
+          onClick={() =>
+            ref.current?.scrollBy({
+              left: ref.current.clientWidth * 0.75,
+              behavior: "smooth",
+            })
+          }
+        >
+          <ChevronRight className="size-4" />
+        </button>
+      )}
     </div>
   );
 }