feat: add the operations layer for declared plugin actions

src/backend/database/database.ts

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import { registerAuditLogRoutes } from "./routes/audit-log-routes.js";
 import { syncForwarder } from "../sync/provider.js";
 import { syncChangeWatcher } from "../sync/server/change-watcher.js";
 import dashboardRoutes from "./routes/dashboard-routes.js";
+import operationsRoutes from "./routes/operations-routes.js";
 import {
   mountPluginApi,
   mountPluginLegacyPaths,
@@ -1627,6 +1628,7 @@ app.use("/ui-preferences", uiPreferencesRoutes);
 registerAuditLogRoutes(app, authenticateJWT);
 app.use("/sync", syncForwarder);
 app.use("/dashboard", dashboardRoutes);
+app.use("/operations", operationsRoutes);
 app.use("/plugins", pluginRoutes);
 app.use(
   "/plugin-assets",

src/backend/database/db/index.ts

@@ -599,6 +599,70 @@ async function initializeCompleteDatabase(): Promise<void> {
         UNIQUE (role_name, permission)
     );
 
+    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS operation_runs (
+      id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+      action_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+      action_version INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
+      plugin_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+      plugin_version TEXT NOT NULL,
+      user_id TEXT REFERENCES users (id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
+      username TEXT NOT NULL,
+      origin TEXT NOT NULL,
+      host_id INTEGER,
+      host_name TEXT,
+      batch_id TEXT,
+      dry_run INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+      risk TEXT NOT NULL,
+      status TEXT NOT NULL,
+      summary TEXT,
+      changed INTEGER,
+      input TEXT,
+      sealed_input TEXT,
+      output TEXT,
+      undo_input TEXT,
+      error TEXT,
+      error_code TEXT,
+      undo_of TEXT,
+      idempotency_key TEXT,
+      created_at TEXT NOT NULL,
+      started_at TEXT,
+      finished_at TEXT
+    );
+    CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_operation_runs_created ON operation_runs (created_at);
+    CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_operation_runs_user_created ON operation_runs (user_id, created_at);
+    CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_operation_runs_host_created ON operation_runs (host_id, created_at);
+    CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_operation_runs_status ON operation_runs (status);
+    CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_operation_runs_batch ON operation_runs (batch_id);
+
+    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS operation_approvals (
+      id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+      run_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES operation_runs (id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+      requested_by TEXT,
+      reason TEXT,
+      allow_self INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+      status TEXT NOT NULL,
+      decided_by TEXT,
+      comment TEXT,
+      created_at TEXT NOT NULL,
+      expires_at TEXT NOT NULL,
+      decided_at TEXT
+    );
+    CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_operation_approvals_status ON operation_approvals (status, expires_at);
+    CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_operation_approvals_run ON operation_approvals (run_id);
+
+    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS operation_events (
+      id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+      event_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+      plugin_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+      host_id INTEGER,
+      severity TEXT,
+      payload TEXT,
+      run_id TEXT,
+      created_at TEXT NOT NULL
+    );
+    CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_operation_events_created ON operation_events (created_at);
+    CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_operation_events_host_created ON operation_events (host_id, created_at);
+
     CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS api_keys (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
@@ -961,6 +1025,7 @@ const enforceUniqueUsernames = () => {
 
 const migrateSchema = () => {
   repairSnippetsColumns(sqlite);
+  addColumnIfNotExists("api_keys", "scopes", "TEXT");
   addColumnIfNotExists("user_preferences", "theme", "TEXT");
   addColumnIfNotExists("user_preferences", "font_size", "TEXT");
   addColumnIfNotExists("user_preferences", "accent_color", "TEXT");

src/backend/database/db/schema.mysql.ts

@@ -673,10 +673,102 @@ export const apiKeys = mysqlTable(
     expiresAt: text("expires_at"),
     lastUsedAt: text("last_used_at"),
     isActive: boolean("is_active").notNull().default(true),
+    // JSON list. Null means full access, which every older key has.
+    scopes: text("scopes"),
   },
   (table) => [index("idx_api_keys_user_id").on(table.userId)],
 );
 
+export const operationRuns = mysqlTable(
+  "operation_runs",
+  {
+    id: varchar("id", { length: 255 }).primaryKey(),
+    actionId: text("action_id").notNull(),
+    actionVersion: int("action_version").notNull().default(1),
+    pluginId: text("plugin_id").notNull(),
+    pluginVersion: text("plugin_version").notNull(),
+
+    // Nullable on purpose: history outlives the account, like audit_logs.
+    userId: varchar("user_id", { length: 255 }).references(() => users.id, { onDelete: "set null" }),
+    username: text("username").notNull(),
+
+    origin: text("origin").notNull(),
+    hostId: int("host_id"),
+    hostName: text("host_name"),
+    batchId: varchar("batch_id", { length: 255 }),
+    dryRun: boolean("dry_run").notNull().default(false),
+    risk: text("risk").notNull(),
+    status: varchar("status", { length: 255 }).notNull(),
+    summary: text("summary"),
+    changed: boolean("changed"),
+    input: text("input"),
+    // Only until the run ends, then wiped.
+    sealedInput: text("sealed_input"),
+    output: text("output"),
+    undoInput: text("undo_input"),
+    error: text("error"),
+    errorCode: text("error_code"),
+    undoOf: text("undo_of"),
+    idempotencyKey: text("idempotency_key"),
+    createdAt: varchar("created_at", { length: 255 }).notNull(),
+    startedAt: text("started_at"),
+    finishedAt: text("finished_at"),
+  },
+  (table) => [
+    index("idx_operation_runs_created").on(table.createdAt),
+    index("idx_operation_runs_user_created").on(table.userId, table.createdAt),
+    index("idx_operation_runs_host_created").on(table.hostId, table.createdAt),
+    index("idx_operation_runs_status").on(table.status),
+    index("idx_operation_runs_batch").on(table.batchId),
+  ],
+);
+
+export const operationApprovals = mysqlTable(
+  "operation_approvals",
+  {
+    id: varchar("id", { length: 255 }).primaryKey(),
+    runId: varchar("run_id", { length: 255 })
+      .notNull()
+      .references(() => operationRuns.id, { onDelete: "cascade" }),
+    requestedBy: text("requested_by"),
+    reason: text("reason"),
+    allowSelf: boolean("allow_self")
+      .notNull()
+      .default(false),
+    status: varchar("status", { length: 255 }).notNull(),
+    decidedBy: text("decided_by"),
+    comment: text("comment"),
+    createdAt: text("created_at").notNull(),
+    expiresAt: varchar("expires_at", { length: 255 }).notNull(),
+    decidedAt: text("decided_at"),
+  },
+  (table) => [
+    index("idx_operation_approvals_status").on(table.status, table.expiresAt),
+    index("idx_operation_approvals_run").on(table.runId),
+  ],
+);
+
+export const operationEvents = mysqlTable(
+  "operation_events",
+  {
+    id: varchar("id", { length: 255 }).primaryKey(),
+    eventId: text("event_id").notNull(),
+    pluginId: text("plugin_id").notNull(),
+    hostId: int("host_id"),
+    severity: text("severity"),
+    payload: text("payload"),
+    runId: text("run_id"),
+    createdAt: varchar("created_at", { length: 255 }).notNull(),
+  },
+  (table) => [
+    index("idx_operation_events_created").on(table.createdAt),
+    index("idx_operation_events_host_created").on(
+      table.hostId,
+      table.createdAt,
+    ),
+  ],
+);
+
 export const userOpenTabs = mysqlTable(
   "user_open_tabs",
   {

src/backend/database/db/schema.pg.ts

@@ -673,10 +673,102 @@ export const apiKeys = pgTable(
     expiresAt: text("expires_at"),
     lastUsedAt: text("last_used_at"),
     isActive: boolean("is_active").notNull().default(true),
+    // JSON list. Null means full access, which every older key has.
+    scopes: text("scopes"),
   },
   (table) => [index("idx_api_keys_user_id").on(table.userId)],
 );
 
+export const operationRuns = pgTable(
+  "operation_runs",
+  {
+    id: varchar("id", { length: 255 }).primaryKey(),
+    actionId: text("action_id").notNull(),
+    actionVersion: integer("action_version").notNull().default(1),
+    pluginId: text("plugin_id").notNull(),
+    pluginVersion: text("plugin_version").notNull(),
+
+    // Nullable on purpose: history outlives the account, like audit_logs.
+    userId: varchar("user_id", { length: 255 }).references(() => users.id, { onDelete: "set null" }),
+    username: text("username").notNull(),
+
+    origin: text("origin").notNull(),
+    hostId: integer("host_id"),
+    hostName: text("host_name"),
+    batchId: varchar("batch_id", { length: 255 }),
+    dryRun: boolean("dry_run").notNull().default(false),
+    risk: text("risk").notNull(),
+    status: varchar("status", { length: 255 }).notNull(),
+    summary: text("summary"),
+    changed: boolean("changed"),
+    input: text("input"),
+    // Only until the run ends, then wiped.
+    sealedInput: text("sealed_input"),
+    output: text("output"),
+    undoInput: text("undo_input"),
+    error: text("error"),
+    errorCode: text("error_code"),
+    undoOf: text("undo_of"),
+    idempotencyKey: text("idempotency_key"),
+    createdAt: varchar("created_at", { length: 255 }).notNull(),
+    startedAt: text("started_at"),
+    finishedAt: text("finished_at"),
+  },
+  (table) => [
+    index("idx_operation_runs_created").on(table.createdAt),
+    index("idx_operation_runs_user_created").on(table.userId, table.createdAt),
+    index("idx_operation_runs_host_created").on(table.hostId, table.createdAt),
+    index("idx_operation_runs_status").on(table.status),
+    index("idx_operation_runs_batch").on(table.batchId),
+  ],
+);
+
+export const operationApprovals = pgTable(
+  "operation_approvals",
+  {
+    id: varchar("id", { length: 255 }).primaryKey(),
+    runId: varchar("run_id", { length: 255 })
+      .notNull()
+      .references(() => operationRuns.id, { onDelete: "cascade" }),
+    requestedBy: text("requested_by"),
+    reason: text("reason"),
+    allowSelf: boolean("allow_self")
+      .notNull()
+      .default(false),
+    status: varchar("status", { length: 255 }).notNull(),
+    decidedBy: text("decided_by"),
+    comment: text("comment"),
+    createdAt: text("created_at").notNull(),
+    expiresAt: varchar("expires_at", { length: 255 }).notNull(),
+    decidedAt: text("decided_at"),
+  },
+  (table) => [
+    index("idx_operation_approvals_status").on(table.status, table.expiresAt),
+    index("idx_operation_approvals_run").on(table.runId),
+  ],
+);
+
+export const operationEvents = pgTable(
+  "operation_events",
+  {
+    id: varchar("id", { length: 255 }).primaryKey(),
+    eventId: text("event_id").notNull(),
+    pluginId: text("plugin_id").notNull(),
+    hostId: integer("host_id"),
+    severity: text("severity"),
+    payload: text("payload"),
+    runId: text("run_id"),
+    createdAt: varchar("created_at", { length: 255 }).notNull(),
+  },
+  (table) => [
+    index("idx_operation_events_created").on(table.createdAt),
+    index("idx_operation_events_host_created").on(
+      table.hostId,
+      table.createdAt,
+    ),
+  ],
+);
+
 export const userOpenTabs = pgTable(
   "user_open_tabs",
   {

src/backend/database/db/schema.ts

@@ -663,10 +663,102 @@ export const apiKeys = sqliteTable(
     expiresAt: text("expires_at"),
     lastUsedAt: text("last_used_at"),
     isActive: integer("is_active", { mode: "boolean" }).notNull().default(true),
+    // JSON list. Null means full access, which every older key has.
+    scopes: text("scopes"),
   },
   (table) => [index("idx_api_keys_user_id").on(table.userId)],
 );
 
+export const operationRuns = sqliteTable(
+  "operation_runs",
+  {
+    id: text("id").primaryKey(),
+    actionId: text("action_id").notNull(),
+    actionVersion: integer("action_version").notNull().default(1),
+    pluginId: text("plugin_id").notNull(),
+    pluginVersion: text("plugin_version").notNull(),
+
+    // Nullable on purpose: history outlives the account, like audit_logs.
+    userId: text("user_id").references(() => users.id, { onDelete: "set null" }),
+    username: text("username").notNull(),
+
+    origin: text("origin").notNull(),
+    hostId: integer("host_id"),
+    hostName: text("host_name"),
+    batchId: text("batch_id"),
+    dryRun: integer("dry_run", { mode: "boolean" }).notNull().default(false),
+    risk: text("risk").notNull(),
+    status: text("status").notNull(),
+    summary: text("summary"),
+    changed: integer("changed", { mode: "boolean" }),
+    input: text("input"),
+    // Only until the run ends, then wiped.
+    sealedInput: text("sealed_input"),
+    output: text("output"),
+    undoInput: text("undo_input"),
+    error: text("error"),
+    errorCode: text("error_code"),
+    undoOf: text("undo_of"),
+    idempotencyKey: text("idempotency_key"),
+    createdAt: text("created_at").notNull(),
+    startedAt: text("started_at"),
+    finishedAt: text("finished_at"),
+  },
+  (table) => [
+    index("idx_operation_runs_created").on(table.createdAt),
+    index("idx_operation_runs_user_created").on(table.userId, table.createdAt),
+    index("idx_operation_runs_host_created").on(table.hostId, table.createdAt),
+    index("idx_operation_runs_status").on(table.status),
+    index("idx_operation_runs_batch").on(table.batchId),
+  ],
+);
+
+export const operationApprovals = sqliteTable(
+  "operation_approvals",
+  {
+    id: text("id").primaryKey(),
+    runId: text("run_id")
+      .notNull()
+      .references(() => operationRuns.id, { onDelete: "cascade" }),
+    requestedBy: text("requested_by"),
+    reason: text("reason"),
+    allowSelf: integer("allow_self", { mode: "boolean" })
+      .notNull()
+      .default(false),
+    status: text("status").notNull(),
+    decidedBy: text("decided_by"),
+    comment: text("comment"),
+    createdAt: text("created_at").notNull(),
+    expiresAt: text("expires_at").notNull(),
+    decidedAt: text("decided_at"),
+  },
+  (table) => [
+    index("idx_operation_approvals_status").on(table.status, table.expiresAt),
+    index("idx_operation_approvals_run").on(table.runId),
+  ],
+);
+
+export const operationEvents = sqliteTable(
+  "operation_events",
+  {
+    id: text("id").primaryKey(),
+    eventId: text("event_id").notNull(),
+    pluginId: text("plugin_id").notNull(),
+    hostId: integer("host_id"),
+    severity: text("severity"),
+    payload: text("payload"),
+    runId: text("run_id"),
+    createdAt: text("created_at").notNull(),
+  },
+  (table) => [
+    index("idx_operation_events_created").on(table.createdAt),
+    index("idx_operation_events_host_created").on(
+      table.hostId,
+      table.createdAt,
+    ),
+  ],
+);
+
 export const userOpenTabs = sqliteTable(
   "user_open_tabs",
   {

src/backend/database/repositories/factory.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import { HostSidebarPreferenceRepository } from "./host-sidebar-preference-repos
 import { CredentialSidebarPreferenceRepository } from "./credential-sidebar-preference-repository.js";
 import { UiPreferenceRepository } from "./ui-preference-repository.js";
 import { OpenTabRepository } from "./open-tab-repository.js";
+import { OperationRepository } from "./operation-repository.js";
 import { PluginRepository } from "./plugin-repository.js";
 import { PluginStorageRepository } from "./plugin-storage-repository.js";
 import { PluginSettingsRepository } from "./plugin-settings-repository.js";
@@ -134,6 +135,14 @@ export function createCurrentAuditLogRepository(): AuditLogRepository {
   );
 }
 
+export function createCurrentOperationRepository(): OperationRepository {
+  return new OperationRepository(
+    createCurrentRepositoryContext(),
+    // Rows land on every run. A rollout saves once on its own when it starts.
+    createCurrentRepositoryLazyWriteHook("operation_repository_write"),
+  );
+}
+
 export function createCurrentCredentialRepository(): CredentialRepository {
   return new CredentialRepository(
     createCurrentRepositoryContext(),

src/backend/database/repositories/operation-repository.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+import { and, desc, eq, inArray, lt, or, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
+import {
+  operationApprovals,
+  operationEvents,
+  operationRuns,
+} from "../db/schema.js";
+import type { DatabaseContext } from "./database-context.js";
+import { countValue, rowsAffected } from "./mutation-result.js";
+
+export type OperationRunRecord = typeof operationRuns.$inferSelect;
+export type NewOperationRunRecord = typeof operationRuns.$inferInsert;
+export type OperationApprovalRecord = typeof operationApprovals.$inferSelect;
+export type NewOperationApprovalRecord = typeof operationApprovals.$inferInsert;
+export type OperationEventRecord = typeof operationEvents.$inferSelect;
+export type NewOperationEventRecord = typeof operationEvents.$inferInsert;
+
+export interface OperationRunFilters {
+  userId?: string;
+  /** Rows also visible because the viewer owns the host. */
+  orHostIds?: number[];
+  hostId?: number;
+  actionId?: string;
+  status?: string;
+  batchId?: string;
+  before?: string;
+}
+
+const MAX_PAGE = 200;
+
+export class OperationRepository {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly context: DatabaseContext,
+    private readonly onWrite?: () => void | Promise<void>,
+  ) {}
+
+  async insertRun(run: NewOperationRunRecord): Promise<void> {
+    await this.context.drizzle.insert(operationRuns).values(run);
+    await this.onWrite?.();
+  }
+
+  async findRun(id: string): Promise<OperationRunRecord | null> {
+    const rows = await this.context.drizzle
+      .select()
+      .from(operationRuns)
+      .where(eq(operationRuns.id, id))
+      .limit(1);
+    return rows[0] ?? null;
+  }
+
+  async findByIdempotencyKey(
+    userId: string,
+    key: string,
+  ): Promise<OperationRunRecord | null> {
+    const rows = await this.context.drizzle
+      .select()
+      .from(operationRuns)
+      .where(
+        and(
+          eq(operationRuns.userId, userId),
+          eq(operationRuns.idempotencyKey, key),
+        ),
+      )
+      .limit(1);
+    return rows[0] ?? null;
+  }
+
+  async listRuns(
+    filters: OperationRunFilters,
+    limit = 50,
+  ): Promise<OperationRunRecord[]> {
+    const owner = filters.userId
+      ? filters.orHostIds?.length
+        ? or(
+            eq(operationRuns.userId, filters.userId),
+            inArray(operationRuns.hostId, filters.orHostIds),
+          )
+        : eq(operationRuns.userId, filters.userId)
+      : undefined;
+    const conditions = [
+      owner,
+      filters.hostId !== undefined
+        ? eq(operationRuns.hostId, filters.hostId)
+        : undefined,
+      filters.actionId
+        ? eq(operationRuns.actionId, filters.actionId)
+        : undefined,
+      filters.status ? eq(operationRuns.status, filters.status) : undefined,
+      filters.batchId ? eq(operationRuns.batchId, filters.batchId) : undefined,
+      filters.before ? lt(operationRuns.createdAt, filters.before) : undefined,
+    ].filter((condition) => condition !== undefined);
+    return this.context.drizzle
+      .select()
+      .from(operationRuns)
+      .where(conditions.length > 0 ? and(...conditions) : undefined)
+      .orderBy(desc(operationRuns.createdAt))
+      .limit(Math.min(Math.max(limit, 1), MAX_PAGE));
+  }
+
+  /** Moves a run on only from the status given, so two writers cannot race. */
+  async updateRunFrom(
+    id: string,
+    fromStatus: string,
+    patch: Partial<NewOperationRunRecord>,
+  ): Promise<boolean> {
+    const result = await this.context.drizzle
+      .update(operationRuns)
+      .set(patch)
+      .where(
+        and(eq(operationRuns.id, id), eq(operationRuns.status, fromStatus)),
+      );
+    await this.onWrite?.();
+    return rowsAffected(result) > 0;
+  }
+
+  /** Anything still running when the server stopped has an unknown outcome. */
+  async markRunningInterrupted(finishedAt: string): Promise<number> {
+    const result = await this.context.drizzle
+      .update(operationRuns)
+      .set({
+        status: "interrupted",
+        finishedAt,
+        sealedInput: null,
+        error: "The server stopped during this run. Check the host.",
+      })
+      .where(eq(operationRuns.status, "running"));
+    await this.onWrite?.();
+    return rowsAffected(result);
+  }
+
+  async insertApproval(approval: NewOperationApprovalRecord): Promise<void> {
+    await this.context.drizzle.insert(operationApprovals).values(approval);
+    await this.onWrite?.();
+  }
+
+  async findApproval(id: string): Promise<OperationApprovalRecord | null> {
+    const rows = await this.context.drizzle
+      .select()
+      .from(operationApprovals)
+      .where(eq(operationApprovals.id, id))
+      .limit(1);
+    return rows[0] ?? null;
+  }
+
+  async findApprovalForRun(
+    runId: string,
+  ): Promise<OperationApprovalRecord | null> {
+    const rows = await this.context.drizzle
+      .select()
+      .from(operationApprovals)
+      .where(eq(operationApprovals.runId, runId))
+      .limit(1);
+    return rows[0] ?? null;
+  }
+
+  async listPendingApprovals(limit = 100): Promise<OperationApprovalRecord[]> {
+    return this.context.drizzle
+      .select()
+      .from(operationApprovals)
+      .where(eq(operationApprovals.status, "pending"))
+      .orderBy(desc(operationApprovals.createdAt))
+      .limit(Math.min(Math.max(limit, 1), MAX_PAGE));
+  }
+
+  /** One shot: only the first decision on a pending row wins. */
+  async decideApproval(
+    id: string,
+    status: "approved" | "rejected" | "expired",
+    decidedBy: string | null,
+    comment: string | null,
+    decidedAt: string,
+  ): Promise<boolean> {
+    const result = await this.context.drizzle
+      .update(operationApprovals)
+      .set({ status, decidedBy, comment, decidedAt })
+      .where(
+        and(
+          eq(operationApprovals.id, id),
+          eq(operationApprovals.status, "pending"),
+        ),
+      );
+    await this.onWrite?.();
+    return rowsAffected(result) > 0;
+  }
+
+  async listExpiredApprovals(now: string): Promise<OperationApprovalRecord[]> {
+    return this.context.drizzle
+      .select()
+      .from(operationApprovals)
+      .where(
+        and(
+          eq(operationApprovals.status, "pending"),
+          lt(operationApprovals.expiresAt, now),
+        ),
+      )
+      .limit(MAX_PAGE);
+  }
+
+  async insertEvent(event: NewOperationEventRecord): Promise<void> {
+    await this.context.drizzle.insert(operationEvents).values(event);
+    await this.onWrite?.();
+  }
+
+  async listEvents(
+    filters: { hostId?: number; before?: string },
+    limit = 50,
+  ): Promise<OperationEventRecord[]> {
+    const conditions = [
+      filters.hostId !== undefined
+        ? eq(operationEvents.hostId, filters.hostId)
+        : undefined,
+      filters.before
+        ? lt(operationEvents.createdAt, filters.before)
+        : undefined,
+    ].filter((condition) => condition !== undefined);
+    return this.context.drizzle
+      .select()
+      .from(operationEvents)
+      .where(conditions.length > 0 ? and(...conditions) : undefined)
+      .orderBy(desc(operationEvents.createdAt))
+      .limit(Math.min(Math.max(limit, 1), MAX_PAGE));
+  }
+
+  /** Drops rows older than the cutoff, finished runs only. */
+  async prune(before: string): Promise<number> {
+    const runs = await this.context.drizzle
+      .delete(operationRuns)
+      .where(
+        and(
+          lt(operationRuns.createdAt, before),
+          sql`${operationRuns.status} NOT IN ('running', 'pending_approval')`,
+        ),
+      );
+    const events = await this.context.drizzle
+      .delete(operationEvents)
+      .where(lt(operationEvents.createdAt, before));
+    await this.onWrite?.();
+    return rowsAffected(runs) + rowsAffected(events);
+  }
+
+  async countRuns(): Promise<number> {
+    const rows = await this.context.drizzle
+      .select({ value: sql<number>`count(*)` })
+      .from(operationRuns);
+    return countValue(rows[0]?.value);
+  }
+
+  /** History outlives the account, but the name goes with it. */
+  async anonymizeUser(userId: string): Promise<void> {
+    await this.context.drizzle
+      .update(operationRuns)
+      .set({ username: "deleted user" })
+      .where(eq(operationRuns.userId, userId));
+    await this.onWrite?.();
+  }
+}

src/backend/database/routes/delete-user-data.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { recentActivity } from "../../plugins/activity-provider.js";
 import {
   createCurrentApiKeyRepository,
   createCurrentAuditLogRepository,
+  createCurrentOperationRepository,
   createCurrentCredentialRepository,
   createCurrentHostFolderRepository,
   createCurrentHostRepository,
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ export async function deleteUserAndRelatedData(
 
     await createCurrentRoleRepository().removeAllRolesFromUser(userId);
     await createCurrentAuditLogRepository().anonymizeByUserId(userId);
+    await createCurrentOperationRepository().anonymizeUser(userId);
 
     await createCurrentSshCredentialUsageRepository().deleteByUserId(userId);
 

src/backend/database/routes/operations-routes.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,760 @@
+import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";
+import type {
+  ResourceListResult,
+  SignalResult,
+} from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/operations";
+import { AuthManager } from "../../utils/auth-manager.js";
+import { PermissionManager } from "../../utils/permission-manager.js";
+import { databaseLogger } from "../../utils/logger.js";
+import { getErrorMessage } from "../../utils/error-message.js";
+import { createCurrentOperationRepository } from "../repositories/factory.js";
+import type { OperationRunRecord } from "../repositories/operation-repository.js";
+import { buildCatalog } from "../../operations/catalog.js";
+import {
+  cancelOperationRun,
+  decideOperationApproval,
+  OperationError,
+  runOperation,
+} from "../../operations/gate.js";
+import { getAction } from "../../operations/registry.js";
+import {
+  flattenResourceRows,
+  readAcrossHosts,
+} from "../../operations/resources.js";
+import type { ActorOrigin } from "../../plugins/actor.js";
+
+const router = express.Router();
+const authenticateJWT = AuthManager.getInstance().createAuthMiddleware();
+const permissions = PermissionManager.getInstance();
+
+/** Sees every run on the server, not only their own. */
+export const VIEW_ALL_RUNS = "admin.operations.view";
+
+type OperationsRequest = Request & {
+  userId: string;
+  apiKeyId?: string;
+  apiKeyScopes?: string[] | null;
+  actingAdminUserId?: string;
+};
+
+function originOf(req: OperationsRequest): ActorOrigin {
+  return { kind: req.apiKeyId ? "api" : "ui" };
+}
+
+function sendError(res: Response, error: unknown, operation: string): void {
+  if (error instanceof OperationError) {
+    res.status(error.status).json({
+      error: error.message,
+      code: error.code,
+      details: error.details,
+    });
+    return;
+  }
+  databaseLogger.error("Operations route failed", error, { operation });
+  res.status(500).json({ error: getErrorMessage(error, "Request failed") });
+}
+
+function parseJson(text: string | null): unknown {
+  if (!text) return undefined;
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(text);
+  } catch {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}
+
+/** Never includes the sealed input. */
+function publicRun(run: OperationRunRecord) {
+  return {
+    id: run.id,
+    actionId: run.actionId,
+    pluginId: run.pluginId,
+    pluginVersion: run.pluginVersion,
+    userId: run.userId,
+    username: run.username,
+    origin: parseJson(run.origin),
+    hostId: run.hostId,
+    hostName: run.hostName,
+    batchId: run.batchId,
+    dryRun: run.dryRun,
+    risk: run.risk,
+    status: run.status,
+    summary: run.summary,
+    changed: run.changed,
+    input: parseJson(run.input),
+    output: parseJson(run.output),
+    undoAvailable: run.undoInput !== null,
+    error: run.error,
+    errorCode: run.errorCode,
+    undoOf: run.undoOf,
+    createdAt: run.createdAt,
+    startedAt: run.startedAt,
+    finishedAt: run.finishedAt,
+  };
+}
+
+async function canSeeRun(
+  run: OperationRunRecord,
+  userId: string,
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  if (run.userId === userId) return true;
+  if (await permissions.hasPermission(userId, VIEW_ALL_RUNS)) return true;
+  if (run.hostId === null) return false;
+  const access = await permissions.canAccessHost(userId, run.hostId, "manage");
+  return access.hasAccess;
+}
+
+function hostIdsFrom(value: unknown): number[] | undefined {
+  if (typeof value !== "string" || value === "") return undefined;
+  const ids = value
+    .split(",")
+    .map(Number)
+    .filter((id) => Number.isInteger(id));
+  return ids.length > 0 ? ids : undefined;
+}
+
+function limitFrom(value: unknown): number | undefined {
+  const limit = Number(value);
+  return Number.isInteger(limit) && limit > 0 ? limit : undefined;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @openapi
+ * /operations/catalog:
+ *   get:
+ *     summary: List what this user can do
+ *     description: Every action, event, resource and signal from running plugins that the caller has permission for, with titles in the requested language.
+ *     tags:
+ *       - Operations
+ *     parameters:
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: lang
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: surface
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *           enum: [assistant, mcp, palette, automations, mobile, cli]
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: The catalog.
+ */
+router.get("/catalog", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
+  const { userId } = req as OperationsRequest;
+  try {
+    res.json(
+      await buildCatalog({
+        userId,
+        lang: typeof req.query.lang === "string" ? req.query.lang : undefined,
+        surface:
+          typeof req.query.surface === "string"
+            ? (req.query.surface as never)
+            : undefined,
+      }),
+    );
+  } catch (error) {
+    sendError(res, error, "operations_catalog");
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * @openapi
+ * /operations/catalog/{id}:
+ *   get:
+ *     summary: Describe one action
+ *     tags:
+ *       - Operations
+ *     parameters:
+ *       - in: path
+ *         name: id
+ *         required: true
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: The action.
+ *       404:
+ *         description: No such action, or the caller may not use it.
+ */
+router.get("/catalog/:id", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
+  const { userId } = req as OperationsRequest;
+  try {
+    const catalog = await buildCatalog({
+      userId,
+      lang: typeof req.query.lang === "string" ? req.query.lang : undefined,
+    });
+    const action = catalog.actions.find((entry) => entry.id === req.params.id);
+    if (!action) {
+      res.status(404).json({ error: "Action not found" });
+      return;
+    }
+    res.json(action);
+  } catch (error) {
+    sendError(res, error, "operations_catalog_action");
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * @openapi
+ * /operations/runs:
+ *   get:
+ *     summary: List runs
+ *     description: The caller's own runs, runs on hosts they manage, or every run with the view permission.
+ *     tags:
+ *       - Operations
+ *     parameters:
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: hostId
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: integer
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: actionId
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: status
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: batchId
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: before
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: limit
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: integer
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: Runs, newest first.
+ */
+router.get("/runs", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
+  const { userId } = req as OperationsRequest;
+  try {
+    const viewAll = await permissions.hasPermission(userId, VIEW_ALL_RUNS);
+    const hostId = limitFrom(req.query.hostId);
+    let managed = false;
+    if (!viewAll && hostId !== undefined) {
+      managed = (await permissions.canAccessHost(userId, hostId, "manage"))
+        .hasAccess;
+    }
+    const runs = await createCurrentOperationRepository().listRuns(
+      {
+        userId: viewAll || managed ? undefined : userId,
+        hostId,
+        actionId:
+          typeof req.query.actionId === "string"
+            ? req.query.actionId
+            : undefined,
+        status:
+          typeof req.query.status === "string" ? req.query.status : undefined,
+        batchId:
+          typeof req.query.batchId === "string" ? req.query.batchId : undefined,
+        before:
+          typeof req.query.before === "string" ? req.query.before : undefined,
+      },
+      limitFrom(req.query.limit),
+    );
+    res.json({ runs: runs.map(publicRun) });
+  } catch (error) {
+    sendError(res, error, "operations_runs");
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * @openapi
+ * /operations/runs/{id}:
+ *   get:
+ *     summary: Get a run
+ *     tags:
+ *       - Operations
+ *     parameters:
+ *       - in: path
+ *         name: id
+ *         required: true
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: The run.
+ *       404:
+ *         description: Not found, or not visible to the caller.
+ */
+router.get("/runs/:id", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
+  const { userId } = req as OperationsRequest;
+  try {
+    const run = await createCurrentOperationRepository().findRun(
+      String(req.params.id),
+    );
+    if (!run || !(await canSeeRun(run, userId))) {
+      res.status(404).json({ error: "Run not found" });
+      return;
+    }
+    res.json(publicRun(run));
+  } catch (error) {
+    sendError(res, error, "operations_run");
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * @openapi
+ * /operations/runs/{id}/cancel:
+ *   post:
+ *     summary: Cancel a run
+ *     description: Stops a running action, or withdraws one waiting for approval.
+ *     tags:
+ *       - Operations
+ *     parameters:
+ *       - in: path
+ *         name: id
+ *         required: true
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: Whether anything was cancelled.
+ *       404:
+ *         description: Not found, or not visible to the caller.
+ */
+router.post("/runs/:id/cancel", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
+  const { userId } = req as OperationsRequest;
+  try {
+    const run = await createCurrentOperationRepository().findRun(
+      String(req.params.id),
+    );
+    if (!run || !(await canSeeRun(run, userId))) {
+      res.status(404).json({ error: "Run not found" });
+      return;
+    }
+    res.json({ cancelled: await cancelOperationRun(run) });
+  } catch (error) {
+    sendError(res, error, "operations_cancel");
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * @openapi
+ * /operations/runs/{id}/undo:
+ *   post:
+ *     summary: Undo a run
+ *     description: Runs the action's undo with the input the run recorded. It goes through the same checks as any run.
+ *     tags:
+ *       - Operations
+ *     parameters:
+ *       - in: path
+ *         name: id
+ *         required: true
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: The new run.
+ *       404:
+ *         description: Not found, or nothing to undo.
+ */
+router.post("/runs/:id/undo", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
+  const authReq = req as OperationsRequest;
+  try {
+    const run = await createCurrentOperationRepository().findRun(
+      String(req.params.id),
+    );
+    const undo = run ? getAction(run.actionId)?.action.undo : undefined;
+    if (
+      !run ||
+      !undo ||
+      !run.undoInput ||
+      !(await canSeeRun(run, authReq.userId))
+    ) {
+      res.status(404).json({ error: "Nothing to undo" });
+      return;
+    }
+    res.json(
+      await runOperation({
+        actionId: undo,
+        hostId: run.hostId ?? undefined,
+        input: parseJson(run.undoInput),
+        confirmed: req.body?.confirmed === true,
+        undoOf: run.id,
+        userId: authReq.userId,
+        origin: originOf(authReq),
+        apiKeyScopes: authReq.apiKeyScopes,
+      }),
+    );
+  } catch (error) {
+    sendError(res, error, "operations_undo");
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * @openapi
+ * /operations/approvals:
+ *   get:
+ *     summary: List waiting approvals
+ *     description: Requests the caller could decide, with the exact input that would run.
+ *     tags:
+ *       - Operations
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: Waiting approvals.
+ */
+router.get("/approvals", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
+  const { userId } = req as OperationsRequest;
+  try {
+    const repository = createCurrentOperationRepository();
+    const approvals = [];
+    for (const approval of await repository.listPendingApprovals()) {
+      const run = await repository.findRun(approval.runId);
+      if (run && (await canSeeRun(run, userId))) {
+        approvals.push({ ...approval, run: publicRun(run) });
+      }
+    }
+    res.json({ approvals });
+  } catch (error) {
+    sendError(res, error, "operations_approvals");
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * @openapi
+ * /operations/approvals/{id}:
+ *   post:
+ *     summary: Approve or reject a request
+ *     description: One shot. What runs is the sealed request, never anything sent here.
+ *     tags:
+ *       - Operations
+ *     parameters:
+ *       - in: path
+ *         name: id
+ *         required: true
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *     requestBody:
+ *       required: true
+ *       content:
+ *         application/json:
+ *           schema:
+ *             type: object
+ *             required: [approve]
+ *             properties:
+ *               approve:
+ *                 type: boolean
+ *               comment:
+ *                 type: string
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: The run's outcome.
+ *       403:
+ *         description: The caller may not decide this.
+ *       409:
+ *         description: Already decided, expired, or the host changed.
+ */
+router.post("/approvals/:id", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
+  const authReq = req as OperationsRequest;
+  if (typeof req.body?.approve !== "boolean") {
+    res.status(400).json({ error: "approve must be true or false" });
+    return;
+  }
+  // A key could be handed to a script, so a person decides from a session.
+  if (authReq.apiKeyScopes) {
+    res.status(403).json({ error: "This API key may not approve" });
+    return;
+  }
+  try {
+    res.json(
+      await decideOperationApproval({
+        approvalId: String(req.params.id),
+        approverId: authReq.userId,
+        approve: req.body.approve,
+        comment:
+          typeof req.body.comment === "string" ? req.body.comment : undefined,
+        impersonated: !!authReq.actingAdminUserId,
+      }),
+    );
+  } catch (error) {
+    sendError(res, error, "operations_approve");
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * @openapi
+ * /operations/events:
+ *   get:
+ *     summary: List declared events
+ *     tags:
+ *       - Operations
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: Declared events from running plugins, plus core's run events.
+ */
+router.get("/events", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
+  const { userId } = req as OperationsRequest;
+  try {
+    const catalog = await buildCatalog({
+      userId,
+      lang: typeof req.query.lang === "string" ? req.query.lang : undefined,
+    });
+    res.json({ events: catalog.events });
+  } catch (error) {
+    sendError(res, error, "operations_events");
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * @openapi
+ * /operations/timeline:
+ *   get:
+ *     summary: Recent events
+ *     description: Events the caller may see, newest first. Events tied to a host need access to it.
+ *     tags:
+ *       - Operations
+ *     parameters:
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: hostId
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: integer
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: before
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: limit
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: integer
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: Events.
+ */
+router.get("/timeline", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
+  const { userId } = req as OperationsRequest;
+  try {
+    const rows = await createCurrentOperationRepository().listEvents(
+      {
+        hostId: limitFrom(req.query.hostId),
+        before:
+          typeof req.query.before === "string" ? req.query.before : undefined,
+      },
+      limitFrom(req.query.limit),
+    );
+    const viewAll = await permissions.hasPermission(userId, VIEW_ALL_RUNS);
+    const access = new Map<number, boolean>();
+    const events = [];
+    for (const row of rows) {
+      if (row.hostId === null) {
+        if (viewAll) events.push(row);
+        continue;
+      }
+      let allowed = access.get(row.hostId);
+      if (allowed === undefined) {
+        allowed = (
+          await permissions.canAccessHost(userId, row.hostId, "connect")
+        ).hasAccess;
+        access.set(row.hostId, allowed);
+      }
+      if (allowed) events.push(row);
+    }
+    res.json({
+      events: events.map((event) => ({
+        ...event,
+        payload: parseJson(event.payload),
+      })),
+    });
+  } catch (error) {
+    sendError(res, error, "operations_timeline");
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * @openapi
+ * /operations/signals:
+ *   get:
+ *     summary: Read status tiles
+ *     description: Answers from memory right away and refreshes stale hosts behind it, so a page should poll. Reads hosts the caller can reach.
+ *     tags:
+ *       - Operations
+ *     parameters:
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: hostIds
+ *         description: Comma separated. Leave out for every host.
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: ids
+ *         description: Comma separated signal ids. Leave out for all.
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: One entry per signal with per host results.
+ */
+router.get("/signals", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
+  const authReq = req as OperationsRequest;
+  try {
+    const catalog = await buildCatalog({ userId: authReq.userId });
+    const wanted =
+      typeof req.query.ids === "string" && req.query.ids
+        ? new Set(req.query.ids.split(","))
+        : null;
+    const hostIds = hostIdsFrom(req.query.hostIds);
+    const signals = [];
+    for (const signal of catalog.signals) {
+      if (wanted && !wanted.has(signal.id)) continue;
+      if (signal.scope === "server") {
+        const outcome = await runOperation({
+          actionId: signal.read,
+          internal: true,
+          userId: authReq.userId,
+          origin: originOf(authReq),
+        }).catch(() => null);
+        signals.push({
+          id: signal.id,
+          hosts: [],
+          result: outcome?.data as SignalResult | undefined,
+        });
+        continue;
+      }
+      signals.push({
+        id: signal.id,
+        hosts: await readAcrossHosts<SignalResult>({
+          userId: authReq.userId,
+          actionId: signal.read,
+          hostIds,
+          origin: originOf(authReq),
+        }),
+      });
+    }
+    res.json({ signals });
+  } catch (error) {
+    sendError(res, error, "operations_signals");
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * @openapi
+ * /operations/resources/{id}:
+ *   get:
+ *     summary: Read one kind of thing across hosts
+ *     description: Rows from cache plus each host's state (ok, loading, offline, error, no-access). Answers right away and refreshes stale hosts behind it, so a page should poll until no host is loading.
+ *     tags:
+ *       - Operations
+ *     parameters:
+ *       - in: path
+ *         name: id
+ *         required: true
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: hostIds
+ *         description: Comma separated. Leave out for every host.
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *       - in: query
+ *         name: refresh
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: boolean
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: Rows and per host state.
+ *       404:
+ *         description: No such resource, or the caller may not read it.
+ */
+router.get("/resources/:id", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
+  const authReq = req as OperationsRequest;
+  try {
+    const catalog = await buildCatalog({ userId: authReq.userId });
+    const resource = catalog.resources.find(
+      (entry) => entry.id === req.params.id,
+    );
+    if (!resource) {
+      res.status(404).json({ error: "Resource not found" });
+      return;
+    }
+    const reads = await readAcrossHosts<ResourceListResult>({
+      userId: authReq.userId,
+      actionId: resource.list,
+      hostIds: hostIdsFrom(req.query.hostIds),
+      refresh: req.query.refresh === "true",
+      origin: originOf(authReq),
+    });
+    res.json(flattenResourceRows(reads, resource.key));
+  } catch (error) {
+    sendError(res, error, "operations_resources");
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * @openapi
+ * /operations/{id}/run:
+ *   post:
+ *     summary: Run an action
+ *     description: Goes through permission, host access, input and approval checks. A change returns as soon as it starts unless wait is true, then poll the run. A read always answers inline.
+ *     tags:
+ *       - Operations
+ *     parameters:
+ *       - in: path
+ *         name: id
+ *         required: true
+ *         schema:
+ *           type: string
+ *     requestBody:
+ *       required: true
+ *       content:
+ *         application/json:
+ *           schema:
+ *             type: object
+ *             properties:
+ *               hostId:
+ *                 type: integer
+ *               resourceKey:
+ *                 type: string
+ *               input:
+ *                 type: object
+ *               dryRun:
+ *                 type: boolean
+ *               confirmed:
+ *                 type: boolean
+ *               idempotencyKey:
+ *                 type: string
+ *               wait:
+ *                 type: boolean
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: The outcome, or a run waiting for approval.
+ *       400:
+ *         description: Invalid input.
+ *       403:
+ *         description: Not allowed.
+ *       409:
+ *         description: Needs a confirm, or safe mode is on.
+ */
+router.post("/:id/run", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
+  const authReq = req as OperationsRequest;
+  const body = (req.body ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>;
+  try {
+    res.json(
+      await runOperation({
+        actionId: String(req.params.id),
+        hostId: typeof body.hostId === "number" ? body.hostId : undefined,
+        resourceKey:
+          typeof body.resourceKey === "string" ? body.resourceKey : undefined,
+        input: body.input,
+        dryRun: body.dryRun === true,
+        confirmed: body.confirmed === true,
+        idempotencyKey:
+          typeof body.idempotencyKey === "string"
+            ? body.idempotencyKey.slice(0, 128)
+            : undefined,
+        userId: authReq.userId,
+        origin: originOf(authReq),
+        apiKeyScopes: authReq.apiKeyScopes,
+      }),
+    );
+  } catch (error) {
+    sendError(res, error, "operations_run_action");
+  }
+});
+
+export default router;

src/backend/operations/approvals.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/**
+ * Who may run what without a person saying yes.
+ *
+ * A plugin fills this through ctx.operations.approvals.provide. Core asks every
+ * provider and the strictest answer wins. A provider that throws denies the
+ * run, since skipping a safety rule is worse than a refused action.
+ */
+
+import type { OperationRisk } from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/operations";
+import { riskRank } from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/operations";
+import { hasCapability } from "../plugins/permissions.js";
+import { pluginLogger } from "../utils/logger.js";
+import type { ActorOrigin } from "../plugins/actor.js";
+import type { PluginManifest } from "../plugins/manifest.js";
+
+export interface ApprovalPolicyInput {
+  actionId: string;
+  pluginId: string;
+  /** What the plugin declared. */
+  risk: OperationRisk;
+  /** What rules should use. Plugins not signed as official count as change. */
+  effectiveRisk: OperationRisk;
+  origin: ActorOrigin;
+  userId: string;
+  hostId?: number;
+  hostTags?: string[];
+  batchId?: string;
+}
+
+export interface ApprovalDecision {
+  decision: "allow" | "approve" | "deny";
+  reason?: string;
+  /** The requester may approve their own run. */
+  allowSelf?: boolean;
+  expiresInMinutes?: number;
+}
+
+export type ApprovalPolicyProvider = (
+  input: ApprovalPolicyInput,
+) =>
+  | ApprovalDecision
+  | null
+  | undefined
+  | Promise<ApprovalDecision | null | undefined>;
+
+interface Entry {
+  pluginId: string;
+  manifest: PluginManifest;
+  provider: ApprovalPolicyProvider;
+}
+
+const providers = new Map<symbol, Entry>();
+
+export function provideApprovalPolicy(
+  pluginId: string,
+  manifest: PluginManifest,
+  provider: ApprovalPolicyProvider,
+): () => void {
+  const key = Symbol(pluginId);
+  providers.set(key, { pluginId, manifest, provider });
+  return () => {
+    providers.delete(key);
+  };
+}
+
+/** Test seam. */
+export function clearApprovalPolicies(): void {
+  providers.clear();
+}
+
+const RANK = { allow: 0, approve: 1, deny: 2 } as const;
+const TRUSTED_VIA = new Set(["automation", "rollout", "fleet"]);
+const SELF_APPROVE_VIA = new Set(["assistant", "mcp", "automation"]);
+
+/** A person is the check when the request came from something else. */
+export function canSelfApprove(origin: ActorOrigin): boolean {
+  return origin.kind === "plugin" && SELF_APPROVE_VIA.has(origin.via ?? "");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Used when no provider has an opinion. People and their own keys go by RBAC,
+ * and so do automations they set up. Anything else needs a rule that allows it.
+ */
+function builtIn(input: ApprovalPolicyInput): ApprovalDecision {
+  if (riskRank(input.effectiveRisk) === 0) return { decision: "allow" };
+  if (input.origin.kind !== "plugin") return { decision: "allow" };
+  if (TRUSTED_VIA.has(input.origin.via ?? "")) return { decision: "allow" };
+  return {
+    decision: "deny",
+    reason: "This needs an approval rule. Turn on approvals to allow it.",
+  };
+}
+
+export async function evaluateApproval(
+  input: ApprovalPolicyInput,
+): Promise<ApprovalDecision> {
+  let strictest: ApprovalDecision | null = null;
+  for (const entry of providers.values()) {
+    let decision: ApprovalDecision | null | undefined;
+    try {
+      // Rechecked at use, so a revoked grant stops the provider now.
+      if (
+        !(await hasCapability(
+          entry.pluginId,
+          "operations:approve",
+          entry.manifest.capabilities,
+        ))
+      ) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      decision = await entry.provider(input);
+    } catch (error) {
+      pluginLogger.warn("Approval rule failed, refusing the run", {
+        operation: "operation_approval",
+        pluginId: entry.pluginId,
+        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+      });
+      return {
+        decision: "deny",
+        reason: "Approval rules are not available right now.",
+      };
+    }
+    if (!decision) continue;
+    if (!strictest || RANK[decision.decision] > RANK[strictest.decision]) {
+      strictest = decision;
+    }
+  }
+  return strictest ?? builtIn(input);
+}

src/backend/operations/catalog.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+/**
+ * What a user can do right now, in their language.
+ *
+ * Built from the manifests of running plugins, never from GET /plugins, which
+ * hands every signed-in user the raw manifest. A plugin's locale file loads
+ * here on the server, because its frontend may not be loaded on the client:
+ * the CLI has no frontend, and a linked desktop may not have the plugin at all.
+ */
+
+import fs from "node:fs";
+import path from "node:path";
+import {
+  onSurface,
+  toJsonSchema,
+  type OperationAction,
+  type OperationEvent,
+  type OperationField,
+  type OperationResource,
+  type OperationSignal,
+  type OperationSurfaces,
+} from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/operations";
+import { getAction } from "./registry.js";
+import { qualifyPermission, type PluginManifest } from "../plugins/manifest.js";
+import { PermissionManager } from "../utils/permission-manager.js";
+
+interface CatalogPlugin {
+  id: string;
+  dir: string;
+  manifest: PluginManifest;
+  state: string;
+  official: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface CatalogField extends OperationField {
+  label: string;
+  description?: string;
+  placeholder?: string;
+  optionLabels?: Record<string, string>;
+}
+
+export interface CatalogAction extends Omit<
+  OperationAction,
+  "inputs" | "outputs"
+> {
+  pluginId: string;
+  pluginName: string;
+  official: boolean;
+  title: string;
+  description?: string;
+  inputs: CatalogField[];
+  outputs: CatalogField[];
+  inputSchema: Record<string, unknown>;
+  available: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface CatalogEvent extends OperationEvent {
+  pluginId: string;
+  title: string;
+}
+
+export interface CatalogResource extends OperationResource {
+  pluginId: string;
+  title: string;
+  columns: (NonNullable<OperationResource["columns"]>[number] & {
+    title: string;
+  })[];
+}
+
+export interface CatalogSignal extends OperationSignal {
+  pluginId: string;
+  title: string;
+}
+
+export interface OperationCatalog {
+  actions: CatalogAction[];
+  events: CatalogEvent[];
+  resources: CatalogResource[];
+  signals: CatalogSignal[];
+}
+
+type Strings = Record<string, string>;
+
+const localeCache = new Map<string, Strings>();
+
+function flatten(value: unknown, prefix: string, out: Strings): void {
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    out[prefix] = value;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (typeof value !== "object" || value === null) return;
+  for (const [key, child] of Object.entries(value)) {
+    flatten(child, prefix ? `${prefix}.${key}` : key, out);
+  }
+}
+
+function readLocale(file: string): Strings {
+  const out: Strings = {};
+  try {
+    flatten(JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(file, "utf8")), "", out);
+  } catch {
+    // A missing or broken file falls back to the key.
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+/** Locale names reach a path, so only a plain language tag is used. */
+function safeLanguage(lang: string | undefined): string {
+  return lang && /^[a-zA-Z]{2,3}(-[a-zA-Z0-9]{2,8})?$/.test(lang) ? lang : "en";
+}
+
+function stringsFor(plugin: CatalogPlugin, lang: string): Strings {
+  const cacheKey = `${plugin.id}@${plugin.manifest.version}:${lang}`;
+  const cached = localeCache.get(cacheKey);
+  if (cached) return cached;
+
+  const dir = path.resolve(plugin.dir, plugin.manifest.locales ?? "locales");
+  const strings = readLocale(path.join(dir, "en.json"));
+  if (lang !== "en") {
+    Object.assign(
+      strings,
+      readLocale(path.join(dir, "translated", `${lang}.json`)),
+      readLocale(path.join(dir, `${lang}.json`)),
+    );
+  }
+  localeCache.set(cacheKey, strings);
+  return strings;
+}
+
+function localizedField(field: OperationField, strings: Strings): CatalogField {
+  const text = (key?: string) => (key ? (strings[key] ?? key) : undefined);
+  const optionLabels: Record<string, string> = {};
+  for (const option of field.options ?? []) {
+    optionLabels[option.value] = text(option.labelKey) ?? option.value;
+  }
+  return {
+    ...field,
+    label: text(field.labelKey) ?? field.key,
+    description: text(field.descriptionKey),
+    placeholder: text(field.placeholderKey),
+    optionLabels: field.options ? optionLabels : undefined,
+  };
+}
+
+async function runningPlugins(): Promise<CatalogPlugin[]> {
+  const { getPluginRuntime } = await import("../plugins/index.js");
+  return getPluginRuntime()
+    .loader.list()
+    .filter((plugin) => plugin.state === "active")
+    .map((plugin) => ({
+      id: plugin.id,
+      dir: plugin.dir,
+      manifest: plugin.manifest,
+      state: plugin.state,
+      official: plugin.source === "bundled" || plugin.signedTier === "official",
+    }));
+}
+
+export async function buildCatalog(options: {
+  userId: string;
+  lang?: string;
+  surface?: keyof OperationSurfaces;
+}): Promise<OperationCatalog> {
+  const lang = safeLanguage(options.lang);
+  const permissions = PermissionManager.getInstance();
+  const catalog: OperationCatalog = {
+    actions: [],
+    events: [],
+    resources: [],
+    signals: [],
+  };
+
+  for (const plugin of await runningPlugins()) {
+    const operations = plugin.manifest.contributes?.operations;
+    if (!operations) continue;
+    const strings = stringsFor(plugin, lang);
+    const text = (key: string) => strings[key] ?? key;
+
+    for (const action of operations.actions ?? []) {
+      if (options.surface && !onSurface(action, options.surface)) continue;
+      // Community plugins stay away from the assistant and MCP until an admin allows them.
+      if (
+        !plugin.official &&
+        (options.surface === "assistant" || options.surface === "mcp")
+      ) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      const permission = qualifyPermission(plugin.id, action.permission);
+      if (!(await permissions.hasPermission(options.userId, permission))) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      const inputs = (action.inputs ?? []).map((field) =>
+        localizedField(field, strings),
+      );
+      catalog.actions.push({
+        ...action,
+        pluginId: plugin.id,
+        pluginName: plugin.manifest.name,
+        official: plugin.official,
+        title: text(action.titleKey),
+        description: action.descriptionKey
+          ? text(action.descriptionKey)
+          : undefined,
+        inputs,
+        outputs: (action.outputs ?? [])
+          .filter((field) => !field.sensitive)
+          .map((field) => localizedField(field, strings)),
+        inputSchema: toJsonSchema(
+          action.inputs,
+          (field) =>
+            inputs.find((input) => input.key === field.key)?.description,
+        ),
+        available: getAction(action.id) !== undefined,
+      });
+    }
+
+    const visible = new Set(catalog.actions.map((action) => action.id));
+    for (const event of operations.events ?? []) {
+      catalog.events.push({
+        ...event,
+        pluginId: plugin.id,
+        title: text(event.titleKey),
+      });
+    }
+    for (const resource of operations.resources ?? []) {
+      if (!visible.has(resource.list)) continue;
+      catalog.resources.push({
+        ...resource,
+        pluginId: plugin.id,
+        title: text(resource.titleKey),
+        columns: (resource.columns ?? []).map((column) => ({
+          ...column,
+          title: text(column.titleKey),
+        })),
+      });
+    }
+    for (const signal of operations.signals ?? []) {
+      if (!visible.has(signal.read)) continue;
+      catalog.signals.push({
+        ...signal,
+        pluginId: plugin.id,
+        title: text(signal.titleKey),
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return catalog;
+}
+
+/** Test seam. */
+export function clearCatalogCache(): void {
+  localeCache.clear();
+}

src/backend/operations/constants.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/** How many events or actions may lead to one another before the chain stops. */
+export const MAX_EVENT_DEPTH = 3;
+
+/** How long finished runs and events stay in history. */
+export const RETENTION_DAYS = 90;
+
+/** How long a cached table row or tile counts as fresh. */
+export const RESOURCE_FRESH_MS = 60_000;

src/backend/operations/events.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+/**
+ * Declared events, separate from the plugin.* bus any plugin can read.
+ *
+ * Each event is kept in a capped timeline. A subscriber bound to a user only
+ * hears about hosts that user can reach, checked at delivery. Events carry a
+ * depth, so a rule that fires an action that fires the same rule stops.
+ */
+
+import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
+import { MAX_EVENT_DEPTH } from "./constants.js";
+import { getActorTrail, runAsActor } from "../plugins/actor.js";
+import { PermissionManager } from "../utils/permission-manager.js";
+import { pluginLogger } from "../utils/logger.js";
+import { createCurrentOperationRepository } from "../database/repositories/factory.js";
+
+export interface OperationEventInput {
+  eventId: string;
+  pluginId: string;
+  hostId?: number;
+  severity?: string;
+  payload?: unknown;
+  runId?: string;
+  depth?: number;
+}
+
+export interface DeliveredEvent {
+  id: string;
+  eventId: string;
+  pluginId: string;
+  hostId?: number;
+  severity?: string;
+  payload?: unknown;
+  runId?: string;
+  depth: number;
+  at: string;
+}
+
+export interface OperationEventSubscription {
+  /** Exact id, `<pluginId>.*` or `*`. */
+  pattern: string;
+  handler: (event: DeliveredEvent) => void | Promise<void>;
+  /** Only events for hosts this user can reach, and runs the handler as them. */
+  userId?: string;
+  /** Skips repeats of one event and host inside this window. */
+  cooldownMs?: number;
+}
+
+interface Subscriber extends OperationEventSubscription {
+  pluginId: string;
+  lastFired: Map<string, number>;
+}
+
+const subscribers = new Set<Subscriber>();
+
+function matches(pattern: string, eventId: string): boolean {
+  if (pattern === "*" || pattern === eventId) return true;
+  return pattern.endsWith(".*") && eventId.startsWith(pattern.slice(0, -1));
+}
+
+export function subscribeOperationEvents(
+  pluginId: string,
+  subscription: OperationEventSubscription,
+): () => void {
+  const entry = { ...subscription, pluginId, lastFired: new Map() };
+  subscribers.add(entry);
+  return () => {
+    subscribers.delete(entry);
+  };
+}
+
+async function deliver(subscriber: Subscriber, event: DeliveredEvent) {
+  const key = `${event.eventId}|${event.hostId ?? ""}`;
+  if (subscriber.cooldownMs) {
+    const last = subscriber.lastFired.get(key) ?? 0;
+    if (Date.now() - last < subscriber.cooldownMs) return;
+    subscriber.lastFired.set(key, Date.now());
+  }
+
+  const { userId } = subscriber;
+  if (userId && event.hostId !== undefined) {
+    const access = await PermissionManager.getInstance().canAccessHost(
+      userId,
+      event.hostId,
+      "connect",
+    );
+    if (!access.hasAccess) return;
+  }
+
+  const fire = () => Promise.resolve(subscriber.handler(event));
+  await (userId
+    ? runAsActor(userId, "service", fire, undefined, { depth: event.depth })
+    : fire());
+}
+
+/** Never throws. An event must not be able to fail what caused it. */
+export async function emitOperationEvent(
+  input: OperationEventInput,
+): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    const trail = getActorTrail();
+    const depth = input.depth ?? trail.depth ?? 0;
+    const event: DeliveredEvent = {
+      id: randomUUID(),
+      eventId: input.eventId,
+      pluginId: input.pluginId,
+      hostId: input.hostId,
+      severity: input.severity,
+      payload: input.payload,
+      runId: input.runId ?? trail.runId,
+      depth,
+      at: new Date().toISOString(),
+    };
+
+    await createCurrentOperationRepository().insertEvent({
+      id: event.id,
+      eventId: event.eventId,
+      pluginId: event.pluginId,
+      hostId: event.hostId ?? null,
+      severity: event.severity ?? null,
+      payload:
+        event.payload === undefined ? null : JSON.stringify(event.payload),
+      runId: event.runId ?? null,
+      createdAt: event.at,
+    });
+
+    if (depth >= MAX_EVENT_DEPTH) {
+      pluginLogger.warn("Event chain stopped at the depth limit", {
+        operation: "operation_event_depth",
+        eventId: event.eventId,
+      });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    for (const subscriber of subscribers) {
+      if (!matches(subscriber.pattern, event.eventId)) continue;
+      void deliver(subscriber, event).catch((error) => {
+        pluginLogger.warn("Event subscriber failed", {
+          operation: "operation_event_delivery",
+          pluginId: subscriber.pluginId,
+          error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+        });
+      });
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    pluginLogger.warn("Could not record an event", {
+      operation: "operation_event",
+      error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+/** Test seam. */
+export function clearOperationEvents(): void {
+  subscribers.clear();
+}

src/backend/operations/gate.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,891 @@
+/**
+ * The one path every action takes, from any surface.
+ *
+ * In order: plugin up, grant still held, input valid, role permission, host
+ * access, key scope, destructive confirm, approval, limits, run row, audit.
+ * Handlers run in-process, so this is an access check for callers, not a
+ * sandbox around plugins.
+ *
+ * Handler failures stay here. They never reach the plugin error budget, or five
+ * failed hosts in a rollout would switch the plugin off.
+ */
+
+import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
+import {
+  capText,
+  matchesWhen,
+  parseOperationInput,
+  redactFields,
+  riskRank,
+  type OperationAction,
+  type OperationRisk,
+} from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/operations";
+import { MAX_EVENT_DEPTH } from "./constants.js";
+import { getAction, type OperationRegistration } from "./registry.js";
+import {
+  canSelfApprove,
+  evaluateApproval,
+  type ApprovalDecision,
+} from "./approvals.js";
+import { withLimits } from "./limits.js";
+import { emitOperationEvent } from "./events.js";
+import { dropResourceCache } from "./resources.js";
+import { loadOperationHost, type OperationHost } from "./hosts.js";
+import { runAsActor, type ActorOrigin } from "../plugins/actor.js";
+import { hasCapability } from "../plugins/permissions.js";
+import { qualifyPermission } from "../plugins/manifest.js";
+import { safeModeOn } from "../plugins/safe-mode.js";
+import { PermissionManager } from "../utils/permission-manager.js";
+import { logAudit } from "../utils/audit-logger.js";
+import {
+  decryptSystemSecret,
+  encryptSystemSecret,
+  isSystemEncrypted,
+} from "../utils/system-secret-crypto.js";
+import { pluginLogger } from "../utils/logger.js";
+import {
+  createCurrentOperationRepository,
+  createCurrentUserRepository,
+} from "../database/repositories/factory.js";
+import type {
+  OperationApprovalRecord,
+  OperationRunRecord,
+} from "../database/repositories/operation-repository.js";
+
+const MAX_OUTPUT = 32_000;
+const DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS = 300_000;
+const READ_TIMEOUT_MS = 60_000;
+const DEFAULT_APPROVAL_MINUTES = 24 * 60;
+const DRAIN_WAIT_MS = 10_000;
+
+export type OperationErrorCode =
+  | "NOT_FOUND"
+  | "UNAVAILABLE"
+  | "INVALID_INPUT"
+  | "FORBIDDEN"
+  | "SCOPE"
+  | "NEEDS_CONFIRM"
+  | "DENIED"
+  | "TOO_DEEP"
+  | "STALE"
+  | "CONFLICT"
+  | "SAFE_MODE";
+
+const STATUS: Record<OperationErrorCode, number> = {
+  NOT_FOUND: 404,
+  UNAVAILABLE: 503,
+  INVALID_INPUT: 400,
+  FORBIDDEN: 403,
+  SCOPE: 403,
+  NEEDS_CONFIRM: 409,
+  DENIED: 403,
+  TOO_DEEP: 409,
+  STALE: 409,
+  CONFLICT: 409,
+  SAFE_MODE: 409,
+};
+
+/** Refused before anything ran. Carries a status so routes can pass it on. */
+export class OperationError extends Error {
+  readonly status: number;
+
+  constructor(
+    readonly code: OperationErrorCode,
+    message: string,
+    readonly details?: unknown,
+  ) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = "OperationError";
+    this.status = STATUS[code];
+  }
+}
+
+/** A handler throws this when a host needs a person to sign in first. */
+export class OperationNeedsInteraction extends Error {
+  readonly code = "NEEDS_INTERACTION";
+}
+
+export interface OperationRequest {
+  actionId: string;
+  hostId?: number;
+  resourceKey?: string;
+  input?: unknown;
+  dryRun?: boolean;
+  /** A person agreed to a destructive action. */
+  confirmed?: boolean;
+  idempotencyKey?: string;
+  batchId?: string;
+  undoOf?: string;
+  /** Background reads for tables and tiles. Writes no run row. */
+  internal?: boolean;
+  userId: string;
+  origin: ActorOrigin;
+  apiKeyScopes?: string[] | null;
+  depth?: number;
+}
+
+export interface OperationOutcome {
+  runId: string | null;
+  status: string;
+  summary?: string;
+  changed?: boolean;
+  data?: unknown;
+  error?: string;
+  errorCode?: string;
+  approvalId?: string;
+}
+
+interface Prepared {
+  registration: OperationRegistration;
+  action: OperationAction;
+  pluginVersion: string;
+  input: Record<string, unknown>;
+  host: OperationHost | null;
+  effectiveRisk: OperationRisk;
+}
+
+/** The sealed copy an approval is bound to. */
+interface ApprovalSnapshot {
+  runId: string;
+  actionId: string;
+  actionVersion: number;
+  pluginVersion: string;
+  hostId: number | null;
+  hostUpdatedAt: string | null;
+  resourceKey: string | null;
+  input: Record<string, unknown>;
+}
+
+const active = new Map<
+  string,
+  { pluginId: string; controller: AbortController; done: Promise<unknown> }
+>();
+const draining = new Set<string>();
+
+function now(): string {
+  return new Date().toISOString();
+}
+
+function errorText(error: unknown): string {
+  return error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+}
+
+async function loadedPlugin(pluginId: string) {
+  const { getPluginRuntime } = await import("../plugins/index.js");
+  return getPluginRuntime().loader.get(pluginId);
+}
+
+async function usernameOf(userId: string): Promise<string> {
+  try {
+    const user = await createCurrentUserRepository().findById(userId);
+    return user?.username ?? userId;
+  } catch {
+    return userId;
+  }
+}
+
+/** Every check that does not depend on who approved it. */
+async function prepare(request: OperationRequest): Promise<Prepared> {
+  if (safeModeOn()) {
+    throw new OperationError("SAFE_MODE", "Actions are off in safe mode");
+  }
+  if ((request.depth ?? 0) > MAX_EVENT_DEPTH) {
+    throw new OperationError("TOO_DEEP", "Too many actions led to this one");
+  }
+
+  const registration = getAction(request.actionId);
+  if (!registration) {
+    throw new OperationError(
+      "NOT_FOUND",
+      `No action "${request.actionId}" is available`,
+    );
+  }
+  const { action, pluginId } = registration;
+  const plugin = await loadedPlugin(pluginId);
+  if (plugin?.state !== "active" || draining.has(pluginId)) {
+    throw new OperationError("UNAVAILABLE", `${pluginId} is not running`);
+  }
+  // Rechecked at use, so revoking the grant stops it on the next call.
+  if (
+    !(await hasCapability(
+      pluginId,
+      "operations:provide",
+      plugin.manifest.capabilities,
+    ))
+  ) {
+    throw new OperationError("UNAVAILABLE", `${pluginId} may not run actions`);
+  }
+
+  const parsed = parseOperationInput(action.inputs, request.input);
+  if (parsed.errors.length > 0) {
+    throw new OperationError(
+      "INVALID_INPUT",
+      parsed.errors.join("; "),
+      parsed.errors,
+    );
+  }
+
+  const permissions = PermissionManager.getInstance();
+  const permission = qualifyPermission(pluginId, action.permission);
+  if (!(await permissions.hasPermission(request.userId, permission))) {
+    throw new OperationError(
+      "FORBIDDEN",
+      `This needs the ${permission} permission`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  let host: OperationHost | null = null;
+  if (action.scope !== "server") {
+    if (request.hostId === undefined) {
+      throw new OperationError("INVALID_INPUT", "This action needs a host");
+    }
+    if (action.scope === "resource" && !request.resourceKey) {
+      throw new OperationError("INVALID_INPUT", "This action needs a target");
+    }
+    const access = await permissions.canAccessHost(
+      request.userId,
+      request.hostId,
+      action.hostAccess ?? "edit",
+    );
+    if (!access.hasAccess) {
+      throw new OperationError(
+        "FORBIDDEN",
+        `You need ${action.hostAccess ?? "edit"} access to this host`,
+      );
+    }
+    host = await loadOperationHost(request.hostId, plugin.manifest);
+    if (!host) throw new OperationError("NOT_FOUND", "Host not found");
+    if (!matchesWhen(action.when, host)) {
+      throw new OperationError(
+        "UNAVAILABLE",
+        "This action does not apply to this host",
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  // A claim by the plugin, so only signed official plugins are taken at
+  // their word when rules decide what needs a person.
+  const official =
+    plugin.source === "bundled" || plugin.signedTier === "official";
+  const effectiveRisk: OperationRisk =
+    !official && action.risk === "read" ? "change" : action.risk;
+
+  return {
+    registration,
+    action,
+    pluginVersion: plugin.manifest.version,
+    input: parsed.values,
+    host,
+    effectiveRisk,
+  };
+}
+
+function checkKeyScope(request: OperationRequest, action: OperationAction) {
+  const scopes = request.apiKeyScopes;
+  if (scopes === undefined || scopes === null) return;
+  if (scopes.includes("operations:run")) return;
+  if (scopes.includes("operations:read") && action.risk === "read") return;
+  throw new OperationError("SCOPE", "This API key may not run this action");
+}
+
+function originText(origin: ActorOrigin): string {
+  return JSON.stringify(origin);
+}
+
+function auditRun(
+  request: OperationRequest,
+  username: string,
+  action: OperationAction,
+  host: OperationHost | null,
+  success: boolean,
+  errorMessage?: string,
+  verb = "operation_run",
+): void {
+  void logAudit({
+    userId: request.userId,
+    username,
+    action: verb,
+    resourceType: "operation",
+    resourceId: action.id,
+    resourceName: host?.name ?? undefined,
+    details: originText(request.origin),
+    success,
+    errorMessage,
+  }).catch(() => {});
+}
+
+async function execute(
+  prepared: Prepared,
+  request: OperationRequest,
+  runId: string | null,
+  username: string,
+): Promise<OperationOutcome> {
+  const { action, registration, input, host } = prepared;
+  const repository = createCurrentOperationRepository();
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  const dryRun = request.dryRun === true;
+  const timeoutMs =
+    action.timeoutMs ??
+    (action.risk === "read" ? READ_TIMEOUT_MS : DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS);
+  const lines: string[] = [];
+  const context = {
+    hostId: request.hostId,
+    resourceKey: request.resourceKey,
+    runId,
+    dryRun,
+    signal: controller.signal,
+    log: (line: string) => {
+      if (lines.length < 200) lines.push(line);
+    },
+  };
+
+  const work = async () => {
+    if (dryRun && action.dryRun !== "native") {
+      const summary = registration.handler.describe
+        ? await registration.handler.describe(input, context)
+        : `Would run ${action.id}`;
+      return { summary, changed: false };
+    }
+    return registration.handler.run(input, context);
+  };
+
+  const timer = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), timeoutMs);
+  timer.unref?.();
+  const aborted = new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
+    controller.signal.addEventListener("abort", () =>
+      reject(new Error("The action was stopped or timed out")),
+    );
+  });
+  aborted.catch(() => {});
+
+  // Settles when the handler really stops, which can be after the run gives
+  // up on it. A plugin going down waits on this, not on the run.
+  let handlerStopped: () => void = () => {};
+  const stopped = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+    handlerStopped = resolve;
+  });
+
+  const startWork = () => {
+    // Cancelled while waiting for a slot, so it never starts.
+    if (controller.signal.aborted) {
+      handlerStopped();
+      return aborted;
+    }
+    const handling = Promise.resolve().then(work);
+    void handling.finally(handlerStopped).catch(() => {});
+    return Promise.race([handling, aborted]);
+  };
+
+  const running = withLimits(
+    { hostId: request.hostId, exclusive: action.exclusive },
+    () =>
+      runAsActor(request.userId, "service", startWork, undefined, {
+        origin: request.origin,
+        apiKeyScopes: request.apiKeyScopes,
+        runId: runId ?? undefined,
+        depth: (request.depth ?? 0) + 1,
+      }),
+  );
+  if (runId) {
+    active.set(runId, {
+      pluginId: registration.pluginId,
+      controller,
+      done: stopped,
+    });
+  }
+
+  let outcome: OperationOutcome;
+  try {
+    const result = await running;
+    const data = redactFields(action.outputs, result.data);
+    outcome = {
+      runId,
+      status: "success",
+      summary: result.summary,
+      changed: result.changed,
+      data,
+    };
+    if (runId) {
+      await repository.updateRunFrom(runId, "running", {
+        status: "success",
+        summary: capText(result.summary ?? "", 2000),
+        changed: result.changed ?? null,
+        output:
+          data === undefined ? null : capText(JSON.stringify(data), MAX_OUTPUT),
+        undoInput: result.undoInput ? JSON.stringify(result.undoInput) : null,
+        sealedInput: null,
+        finishedAt: now(),
+      });
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    const needsPerson =
+      (error as { code?: unknown } | null)?.code === "NEEDS_INTERACTION";
+    const stopping = draining.has(registration.pluginId);
+    const status = needsPerson
+      ? "needs_interaction"
+      : stopping
+        ? "interrupted"
+        : "failed";
+    const message = stopping
+      ? "The plugin stopped during this run. Check the host."
+      : capText(errorText(error), 2000);
+    outcome = { runId, status, error: message };
+    if (needsPerson) outcome.errorCode = "NEEDS_INTERACTION";
+    if (runId) {
+      await repository.updateRunFrom(runId, "running", {
+        status,
+        error: message,
+        errorCode: outcome.errorCode ?? null,
+        sealedInput: null,
+        finishedAt: now(),
+      });
+    }
+  } finally {
+    clearTimeout(timer);
+    if (runId && !draining.has(registration.pluginId)) active.delete(runId);
+  }
+
+  if (action.risk !== "read" && !dryRun) {
+    if (request.hostId !== undefined && outcome.status === "success") {
+      dropResourceCache(request.hostId);
+    }
+    auditRun(
+      request,
+      username,
+      action,
+      host,
+      outcome.status === "success",
+      outcome.error,
+    );
+    void emitOperationEvent({
+      eventId:
+        outcome.status === "success"
+          ? "operation.succeeded"
+          : "operation.failed",
+      pluginId: registration.pluginId,
+      hostId: request.hostId,
+      severity: outcome.status === "success" ? "info" : "warning",
+      payload: {
+        actionId: action.id,
+        summary: outcome.summary,
+        error: outcome.error,
+        origin: request.origin,
+      },
+      runId: runId ?? undefined,
+      depth: (request.depth ?? 0) + 1,
+    });
+  }
+  return outcome;
+}
+
+function outcomeOf(
+  run: OperationRunRecord,
+  approvalId?: string,
+): OperationOutcome {
+  return {
+    runId: run.id,
+    status: run.status,
+    summary: run.summary ?? undefined,
+    changed: run.changed ?? undefined,
+    error: run.error ?? undefined,
+    errorCode: run.errorCode ?? undefined,
+    approvalId,
+  };
+}
+
+async function requestApproval(
+  prepared: Prepared,
+  request: OperationRequest,
+  decision: ApprovalDecision,
+  run: { id: string; username: string; createdAt: string },
+): Promise<OperationOutcome> {
+  const { action, host, input } = prepared;
+  const repository = createCurrentOperationRepository();
+  const snapshot: ApprovalSnapshot = {
+    runId: run.id,
+    actionId: action.id,
+    actionVersion: action.version ?? 1,
+    pluginVersion: prepared.pluginVersion,
+    hostId: request.hostId ?? null,
+    hostUpdatedAt: host?.updatedAt ?? null,
+    resourceKey: request.resourceKey ?? null,
+    input,
+  };
+  await repository.updateRunFrom(run.id, "created", {
+    status: "pending_approval",
+    summary: decision.reason ?? null,
+    sealedInput: await encryptSystemSecret(JSON.stringify(snapshot)),
+  });
+  const minutes = decision.expiresInMinutes ?? DEFAULT_APPROVAL_MINUTES;
+  const approvalId = randomUUID();
+  await repository.insertApproval({
+    id: approvalId,
+    runId: run.id,
+    requestedBy: request.userId,
+    reason: decision.reason ?? null,
+    allowSelf: decision.allowSelf === true || canSelfApprove(request.origin),
+    status: "pending",
+    createdAt: run.createdAt,
+    expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + minutes * 60_000).toISOString(),
+  });
+  void emitOperationEvent({
+    eventId: "operation.approval-requested",
+    pluginId: prepared.registration.pluginId,
+    hostId: request.hostId,
+    severity: "warning",
+    payload: { actionId: action.id, approvalId },
+    runId: run.id,
+  });
+  return { runId: run.id, status: "pending_approval", approvalId };
+}
+
+/** Runs an action, or parks it for approval. Throws OperationError if refused. */
+export async function runOperation(
+  request: OperationRequest,
+): Promise<OperationOutcome> {
+  const registration = getAction(request.actionId);
+  if (registration) checkKeyScope(request, registration.action);
+
+  const repository = createCurrentOperationRepository();
+  if (request.idempotencyKey) {
+    const earlier = await repository.findByIdempotencyKey(
+      request.userId,
+      request.idempotencyKey,
+    );
+    if (earlier) return outcomeOf(earlier);
+  }
+
+  const prepared = await prepare(request);
+  const { action } = prepared;
+  const dryRun = request.dryRun === true;
+  const isRead = action.risk === "read";
+
+  if (action.risk === "destructive" && !dryRun && !request.confirmed) {
+    throw new OperationError("NEEDS_CONFIRM", "This action needs a confirm");
+  }
+
+  let decision: ApprovalDecision = { decision: "allow" };
+  if (!dryRun && !request.internal) {
+    decision = await evaluateApproval({
+      actionId: action.id,
+      pluginId: prepared.registration.pluginId,
+      risk: action.risk,
+      effectiveRisk: prepared.effectiveRisk,
+      origin: request.origin,
+      userId: request.userId,
+      hostId: request.hostId,
+      hostTags: prepared.host?.tags,
+      batchId: request.batchId,
+    });
+  }
+  const username = await usernameOf(request.userId);
+  if (decision.decision === "deny") {
+    auditRun(
+      request,
+      username,
+      action,
+      prepared.host,
+      false,
+      decision.reason,
+      "operation_denied",
+    );
+    throw new OperationError(
+      "DENIED",
+      decision.reason ?? "A rule refused this action",
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Internal reads poll constantly and would flood history and the save loop.
+  if (request.internal && isRead) {
+    return execute(prepared, request, null, username);
+  }
+
+  const run = {
+    id: randomUUID(),
+    actionId: action.id,
+    actionVersion: action.version ?? 1,
+    pluginId: prepared.registration.pluginId,
+    pluginVersion: prepared.pluginVersion,
+    userId: request.userId,
+    username,
+    origin: originText(request.origin),
+    hostId: request.hostId ?? null,
+    hostName: prepared.host?.name ?? null,
+    batchId: request.batchId ?? null,
+    dryRun,
+    risk: action.risk,
+    status: decision.decision === "approve" ? "created" : "running",
+    input: JSON.stringify(redactFields(action.inputs, prepared.input)),
+    undoOf: request.undoOf ?? null,
+    idempotencyKey: request.idempotencyKey ?? null,
+    createdAt: now(),
+    startedAt: decision.decision === "approve" ? null : now(),
+  };
+  await repository.insertRun(run);
+
+  if (decision.decision === "approve") {
+    return requestApproval(prepared, request, decision, run);
+  }
+  return execute(prepared, request, run.id, username);
+}
+
+function originOf(run: OperationRunRecord): ActorOrigin {
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(run.origin) as ActorOrigin;
+  } catch {
+    return { kind: "api" };
+  }
+}
+
+async function failStale(run: OperationRunRecord, why: string): Promise<void> {
+  await createCurrentOperationRepository().updateRunFrom(
+    run.id,
+    "pending_approval",
+    {
+      status: "rejected",
+      error: why,
+      sealedInput: null,
+      finishedAt: now(),
+    },
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Records a person's decision. One shot: the row moves from pending once, so a
+ * second click or a replay does nothing. What runs is the sealed copy, never
+ * what the caller sends now.
+ */
+export async function decideOperationApproval(options: {
+  approvalId: string;
+  approverId: string;
+  approve: boolean;
+  comment?: string;
+  impersonated?: boolean;
+}): Promise<OperationOutcome> {
+  const { approvalId, approverId, approve, comment } = options;
+  const repository = createCurrentOperationRepository();
+  const approval = await repository.findApproval(approvalId);
+  if (!approval) throw new OperationError("NOT_FOUND", "Approval not found");
+  if (approval.status !== "pending") {
+    throw new OperationError("CONFLICT", "This was already decided");
+  }
+  const run = await repository.findRun(approval.runId);
+  if (!run) throw new OperationError("NOT_FOUND", "Run not found");
+
+  if (options.impersonated) {
+    throw new OperationError("FORBIDDEN", "You cannot approve as another user");
+  }
+  if (approval.requestedBy === approverId && !approval.allowSelf) {
+    throw new OperationError(
+      "FORBIDDEN",
+      "Someone else has to approve your request",
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (new Date(approval.expiresAt).getTime() < Date.now()) {
+    await repository.decideApproval(approvalId, "expired", null, null, now());
+    await failStale(run, "The approval expired");
+    throw new OperationError("STALE", "This approval expired");
+  }
+
+  // Approving needs the same rights as running it.
+  const registration = getAction(run.actionId);
+  if (registration) {
+    const permissions = PermissionManager.getInstance();
+    const needed = qualifyPermission(
+      registration.pluginId,
+      registration.action.permission,
+    );
+    const allowed =
+      (await permissions.hasPermission(approverId, needed)) &&
+      (run.hostId === null ||
+        (
+          await permissions.canAccessHost(
+            approverId,
+            run.hostId,
+            registration.action.hostAccess ?? "edit",
+          )
+        ).hasAccess);
+    if (!allowed) {
+      throw new OperationError(
+        "FORBIDDEN",
+        "You need the same access as this action to approve it",
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  const won = await repository.decideApproval(
+    approvalId,
+    approve ? "approved" : "rejected",
+    approverId,
+    comment?.slice(0, 500) ?? null,
+    now(),
+  );
+  if (!won) throw new OperationError("CONFLICT", "This was already decided");
+
+  const username = await usernameOf(approverId);
+  void logAudit({
+    userId: approverId,
+    username,
+    action: approve ? "operation_approved" : "operation_rejected",
+    resourceType: "operation",
+    resourceId: run.actionId,
+    details: run.id,
+    success: true,
+  }).catch(() => {});
+
+  if (!approve) {
+    await repository.updateRunFrom(run.id, "pending_approval", {
+      status: "rejected",
+      sealedInput: null,
+      finishedAt: now(),
+    });
+    return { runId: run.id, status: "rejected" };
+  }
+  return runApproved(run, approval);
+}
+
+async function readSnapshot(
+  run: OperationRunRecord,
+): Promise<ApprovalSnapshot | null> {
+  if (!run.sealedInput || !isSystemEncrypted(run.sealedInput)) return null;
+  try {
+    const snapshot = JSON.parse(
+      await decryptSystemSecret(run.sealedInput),
+    ) as ApprovalSnapshot;
+    return snapshot.runId === run.id ? snapshot : null;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+async function runApproved(
+  run: OperationRunRecord,
+  approval: OperationApprovalRecord,
+): Promise<OperationOutcome> {
+  const snapshot = await readSnapshot(run);
+  if (!snapshot || !run.userId) {
+    await failStale(run, "The approved request could not be read");
+    throw new OperationError("STALE", "The approved request could not be read");
+  }
+
+  const request: OperationRequest = {
+    actionId: snapshot.actionId,
+    hostId: snapshot.hostId ?? undefined,
+    resourceKey: snapshot.resourceKey ?? undefined,
+    input: snapshot.input,
+    confirmed: true,
+    batchId: run.batchId ?? undefined,
+    userId: run.userId,
+    origin: originOf(run),
+  };
+
+  // The requester's own rights, as of now. They may have changed.
+  let prepared: Prepared;
+  try {
+    prepared = await prepare(request);
+  } catch (error) {
+    await failStale(run, errorText(error));
+    throw error;
+  }
+
+  const changedSince =
+    prepared.pluginVersion !== snapshot.pluginVersion ||
+    (prepared.action.version ?? 1) !== snapshot.actionVersion ||
+    (prepared.host?.updatedAt ?? null) !== snapshot.hostUpdatedAt;
+  if (changedSince) {
+    await failStale(run, "The host or plugin changed after this was requested");
+    throw new OperationError(
+      "STALE",
+      "The host or plugin changed after this was requested",
+    );
+  }
+
+  const repository = createCurrentOperationRepository();
+  const claimed = await repository.updateRunFrom(run.id, "pending_approval", {
+    status: "running",
+    startedAt: now(),
+  });
+  if (!claimed) throw new OperationError("CONFLICT", "This already ran");
+
+  const outcome = await execute(prepared, request, run.id, run.username);
+  return { ...outcome, approvalId: approval.id };
+}
+
+export async function cancelOperationRun(
+  run: OperationRunRecord,
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  const repository = createCurrentOperationRepository();
+  if (run.status === "pending_approval") {
+    const approval = await repository.findApprovalForRun(run.id);
+    if (approval) {
+      await repository.decideApproval(
+        approval.id,
+        "rejected",
+        null,
+        "cancelled",
+        now(),
+      );
+    }
+    return repository.updateRunFrom(run.id, "pending_approval", {
+      status: "cancelled",
+      sealedInput: null,
+      finishedAt: now(),
+    });
+  }
+  const running = active.get(run.id);
+  if (!running) return false;
+  running.controller.abort();
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Called when a plugin stops, before its SSH connections are torn down. New
+ * runs are refused and running ones told to stop. Anything still going after
+ * the wait has an unknown outcome and is never retried.
+ */
+export async function drainPlugin(pluginId: string): Promise<void> {
+  draining.add(pluginId);
+  try {
+    const runs = [...active.entries()].filter(
+      ([, entry]) => entry.pluginId === pluginId,
+    );
+    if (runs.length === 0) return;
+    for (const [, entry] of runs) entry.controller.abort();
+    await Promise.race([
+      Promise.all(runs.map(([, entry]) => entry.done)),
+      new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, DRAIN_WAIT_MS)),
+    ]);
+    const repository = createCurrentOperationRepository();
+    for (const [runId] of runs) {
+      await repository.updateRunFrom(runId, "running", {
+        status: "interrupted",
+        error: "The plugin stopped during this run. Check the host.",
+        sealedInput: null,
+        finishedAt: now(),
+      });
+      active.delete(runId);
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    pluginLogger.warn("Could not finish stopping runs", {
+      operation: "operation_drain",
+      pluginId,
+      error: errorText(error),
+    });
+  } finally {
+    draining.delete(pluginId);
+  }
+}
+
+export function riskAtLeast(
+  risk: OperationRisk,
+  floor: OperationRisk,
+): boolean {
+  return riskRank(risk) >= riskRank(floor);
+}
+
+/** Test seam. */
+export function clearOperationGate(): void {
+  active.clear();
+  draining.clear();
+}

src/backend/operations/hosts.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/**
+ * The small view of a host the operations layer needs: enough to name it, test
+ * an action's `when`, and notice it changed. No secret field is ever read here.
+ */
+
+import type { OperationWhen } from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/operations";
+import type { PluginManifest } from "../plugins/manifest.js";
+import { getSetting } from "../plugins/settings.js";
+import { createCurrentHostResolutionRepository } from "../database/repositories/factory.js";
+
+export interface OperationHost {
+  id: number;
+  name: string;
+  updatedAt: string | null;
+  tags: string[];
+  os: string | null;
+  /** Only the setting keys some `when` asks about. */
+  settings: Record<string, unknown>;
+}
+
+export function splitTags(tags: string | null | undefined): string[] {
+  return (tags ?? "")
+    .split(",")
+    .map((tag) => tag.trim())
+    .filter(Boolean);
+}
+
+async function settingsFor(
+  manifest: PluginManifest,
+  hostId: number,
+): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> {
+  const keys = new Set<string>();
+  for (const action of manifest.contributes?.operations?.actions ?? []) {
+    for (const key of Object.keys(action.when?.settings ?? {})) keys.add(key);
+  }
+  const settings: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+  for (const key of keys) {
+    settings[key] = await getSetting(manifest, "host", hostId, key);
+  }
+  return settings;
+}
+
+/** A host with the settings its plugin's `when` rules read. */
+export async function loadOperationHost(
+  hostId: number,
+  manifest: PluginManifest,
+): Promise<OperationHost | null> {
+  const repository = createCurrentHostResolutionRepository();
+  const ownerId = await repository.findHostOwnerId(hostId);
+  if (!ownerId) return null;
+  const host = (await repository.findHostById(hostId, ownerId)) as {
+    name: string | null;
+    ip: string;
+    tags: string | null;
+    updatedAt?: string | null;
+  } | null;
+  if (!host) return null;
+  return {
+    id: hostId,
+    name: host.name || host.ip,
+    updatedAt: host.updatedAt ?? null,
+    tags: splitTags(host.tags),
+    os: null,
+    settings: await settingsFor(manifest, hostId),
+  };
+}
+
+export type { OperationWhen };

src/backend/operations/key-scopes.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/**
+ * What a scoped API key may reach. Enforced where keys are authenticated, so a
+ * limited key cannot step around the gate through /plugin-api or a ws ticket. A
+ * key with no scopes has full access, which is every key made before this.
+ */
+
+export const API_KEY_SCOPES = ["operations:read", "operations:run"] as const;
+
+const MCP_PATH = /^\/plugin-api\/[a-z0-9-]+\/mcp(\/|$)/;
+const OPERATIONS_PATH = /^\/operations(\/|$)/;
+
+export function parseKeyScopes(
+  raw: string | null | undefined,
+): string[] | null {
+  if (!raw) return null;
+  try {
+    const value = JSON.parse(raw);
+    return Array.isArray(value)
+      ? value.filter((scope): scope is string => typeof scope === "string")
+      : [];
+  } catch {
+    // Unreadable means no access, not full access.
+    return [];
+  }
+}
+
+export function keyScopeAllows(
+  scopes: string[] | null,
+  method: string,
+  path: string,
+): boolean {
+  if (scopes === null) return true;
+  const clean = path.split("?")[0];
+  if (MCP_PATH.test(clean)) {
+    return (
+      scopes.includes("operations:read") || scopes.includes("operations:run")
+    );
+  }
+  if (!OPERATIONS_PATH.test(clean)) return false;
+  if (scopes.includes("operations:run")) return true;
+  if (!scopes.includes("operations:read")) return false;
+  // The gate still checks each action's risk on a run.
+  return method === "GET" || /^\/operations\/[^/]+\/run$/.test(clean);
+}

src/backend/operations/limits.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/**
+ * Caps on how much runs at once. The SSH pool caps per key, not per host, so a
+ * large rollout or an all hosts table needs its own limit here.
+ */
+
+export const MAX_RUNNING = 32;
+export const MAX_PER_HOST = 3;
+
+class Slots {
+  private used = 0;
+  private readonly waiting: (() => void)[] = [];
+
+  constructor(private readonly size: number) {}
+
+  async take(): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.used < this.size) {
+      this.used++;
+      return;
+    }
+    await new Promise<void>((resolve) => this.waiting.push(resolve));
+  }
+
+  give(): void {
+    const next = this.waiting.shift();
+    if (next) next();
+    else this.used--;
+  }
+
+  get idle(): boolean {
+    return this.used === 0 && this.waiting.length === 0;
+  }
+}
+
+const everything = new Slots(MAX_RUNNING);
+const perHost = new Map<number, Slots>();
+const exclusive = new Map<number, Slots>();
+
+function slotsFor(
+  map: Map<number, Slots>,
+  hostId: number,
+  size: number,
+): Slots {
+  let slots = map.get(hostId);
+  if (!slots) {
+    slots = new Slots(size);
+    map.set(hostId, slots);
+  }
+  return slots;
+}
+
+/** Runs `work` once there is room. Exclusive work on a host goes one at a time. */
+export async function withLimits<T>(
+  options: { hostId?: number; exclusive?: boolean },
+  work: () => Promise<T>,
+): Promise<T> {
+  const { hostId } = options;
+  const held: { map?: Map<number, Slots>; slots: Slots }[] = [];
+  const hold = async (slots: Slots, map?: Map<number, Slots>) => {
+    await slots.take();
+    held.push({ slots, map });
+  };
+
+  try {
+    // Same order everywhere, so two runs cannot wait on each other.
+    if (hostId !== undefined && options.exclusive) {
+      await hold(slotsFor(exclusive, hostId, 1), exclusive);
+    }
+    if (hostId !== undefined) {
+      await hold(slotsFor(perHost, hostId, MAX_PER_HOST), perHost);
+    }
+    await hold(everything);
+    return await work();
+  } finally {
+    for (const { slots, map } of held.reverse()) {
+      slots.give();
+      if (map && hostId !== undefined && slots.idle) map.delete(hostId);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Shares one in-flight promise per key, so one read serves every waiter. */
+const inflight = new Map<string, Promise<unknown>>();
+
+export function coalesce<T>(key: string, work: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+  const running = inflight.get(key);
+  if (running) return running as Promise<T>;
+  const started = work().finally(() => inflight.delete(key));
+  inflight.set(key, started);
+  return started;
+}

src/backend/operations/maintenance.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/** Startup sweep and periodic cleanup for runs, approvals and events. */
+
+import { RETENTION_DAYS } from "./constants.js";
+import { pluginLogger } from "../utils/logger.js";
+import { createCurrentOperationRepository } from "../database/repositories/factory.js";
+
+const SWEEP_MS = 10 * 60_000;
+
+let timer: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null = null;
+
+/** Parks expired approvals and trims history. Returns rows removed. */
+export async function sweepOperations(at = new Date()): Promise<number> {
+  const repository = createCurrentOperationRepository();
+  const iso = at.toISOString();
+  for (const approval of await repository.listExpiredApprovals(iso)) {
+    await repository.decideApproval(approval.id, "expired", null, null, iso);
+    await repository.updateRunFrom(approval.runId, "pending_approval", {
+      status: "expired",
+      sealedInput: null,
+      finishedAt: iso,
+    });
+  }
+  const cutoff = new Date(at.getTime() - RETENTION_DAYS * 86_400_000);
+  return repository.prune(cutoff.toISOString());
+}
+
+/** Anything still running at boot lost its process, so its outcome is unknown. */
+export async function startOperationsMaintenance(): Promise<void> {
+  await createCurrentOperationRepository().markRunningInterrupted(
+    new Date().toISOString(),
+  );
+  await sweepOperations();
+  timer ??= setInterval(() => {
+    sweepOperations().catch((error) => {
+      pluginLogger.warn("Operations cleanup failed", {
+        operation: "operations_sweep",
+        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+      });
+    });
+  }, SWEEP_MS);
+  timer.unref?.();
+}
+
+export function stopOperationsMaintenance(): void {
+  if (timer) clearInterval(timer);
+  timer = null;
+}

src/backend/operations/registry.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/**
+ * Handlers plugins registered for the actions their manifest declares.
+ *
+ * Same generation rule as service-registry.ts: a plugin that crashed and
+ * restarted must not have its old disposer remove the new registration, and a
+ * run that resolved a handler before a reload must not call the stale one.
+ */
+
+import type {
+  OperationAction,
+  OperationResult,
+} from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/operations";
+
+export interface OperationRunContext {
+  hostId?: number;
+  resourceKey?: string;
+  runId: string | null;
+  dryRun: boolean;
+  signal: AbortSignal;
+  log: (line: string) => void;
+}
+
+export interface OperationHandler {
+  run: (
+    input: Record<string, unknown>,
+    context: OperationRunContext,
+  ) => Promise<OperationResult> | OperationResult;
+  /** What a dry run reports when the action has no native dry run. */
+  describe?: (
+    input: Record<string, unknown>,
+    context: OperationRunContext,
+  ) => string | Promise<string>;
+}
+
+export interface OperationRegistration {
+  pluginId: string;
+  action: OperationAction;
+  handler: OperationHandler;
+  generation: number;
+}
+
+const registrations = new Map<string, OperationRegistration>();
+let generationCounter = 0;
+
+export function registerAction(
+  pluginId: string,
+  action: OperationAction,
+  handler: OperationHandler,
+): OperationRegistration {
+  const existing = registrations.get(action.id);
+  if (existing && existing.pluginId !== pluginId) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Action "${action.id}" is already registered by ${existing.pluginId}`,
+    );
+  }
+  const entry = {
+    pluginId,
+    action,
+    handler,
+    generation: ++generationCounter,
+  };
+  registrations.set(action.id, entry);
+  return entry;
+}
+
+/** Removes only the exact registration given. */
+export function revokeAction(registration: OperationRegistration): boolean {
+  const current = registrations.get(registration.action.id);
+  if (!current || current.generation !== registration.generation) return false;
+  return registrations.delete(registration.action.id);
+}
+
+export function getAction(id: string): OperationRegistration | undefined {
+  return registrations.get(id);
+}
+
+export function listActions(): OperationRegistration[] {
+  return [...registrations.values()];
+}
+
+/** Test seam. */
+export function clearOperationRegistry(): void {
+  registrations.clear();
+}

src/backend/operations/resources.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+/**
+ * Reads for All hosts tables and status tiles.
+ *
+ * Asking every host over SSH on each page load cannot hold up, so a request
+ * answers right away from memory and refreshes stale hosts behind it. The page
+ * polls and the table fills in as hosts answer. Results stay in memory, never
+ * SQLite, since a save rewrites the whole database.
+ *
+ * Keys include the user: someone a host is shared with can have their own
+ * login there and see different rows.
+ */
+
+import type {
+  ResourceListResult,
+  SignalResult,
+  SignalStatus,
+} from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/operations";
+import { RESOURCE_FRESH_MS } from "./constants.js";
+import { coalesce } from "./limits.js";
+import { getAction } from "./registry.js";
+import { matchesWhen } from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/operations";
+import { loadOperationHost } from "./hosts.js";
+import type { ActorOrigin } from "../plugins/actor.js";
+import { hostStatus } from "../plugins/host-status-provider.js";
+import { PermissionManager } from "../utils/permission-manager.js";
+import { loadProbeTargets } from "../plugins/ctx-probe.js";
+
+export type HostReadState =
+  "ok" | "loading" | "offline" | "error" | "no-access" | "not-applicable";
+
+interface CacheEntry {
+  value: unknown;
+  error?: string;
+  fetchedAt: number;
+}
+
+export interface HostRead<T> {
+  hostId: number;
+  state: HostReadState;
+  value?: T;
+  error?: string;
+  fetchedAt?: string;
+}
+
+const cache = new Map<string, CacheEntry>();
+const MAX_ENTRIES = 20_000;
+
+function cacheKey(userId: string, actionId: string, hostId: number): string {
+  return `${userId}|${actionId}|${hostId}`;
+}
+
+/** After a change, the next read of this host goes back to the host. */
+export function dropResourceCache(hostId: number): void {
+  const suffix = `|${hostId}`;
+  for (const key of cache.keys()) {
+    if (key.endsWith(suffix)) cache.delete(key);
+  }
+}
+
+function remember(key: string, entry: CacheEntry): void {
+  if (cache.size >= MAX_ENTRIES) {
+    const oldest = cache.keys().next().value;
+    if (oldest) cache.delete(oldest);
+  }
+  cache.delete(key);
+  cache.set(key, entry);
+}
+
+function isOffline(hostId: number): boolean {
+  const status = hostStatus.get(hostId) as
+    string | { status?: string } | null | undefined;
+  const value = typeof status === "string" ? status : status?.status;
+  return value === "offline";
+}
+
+interface ReadOptions {
+  userId: string;
+  actionId: string;
+  hostIds?: number[];
+  refresh?: boolean;
+  input?: Record<string, unknown>;
+  origin: ActorOrigin;
+}
+
+function refreshHost(
+  options: ReadOptions,
+  hostId: number,
+  key: string,
+): Promise<unknown> {
+  return coalesce(key, async () => {
+    const { runOperation, OperationError } = await import("./gate.js");
+    try {
+      const outcome = await runOperation({
+        actionId: options.actionId,
+        hostId,
+        input: options.input,
+        internal: true,
+        userId: options.userId,
+        origin: options.origin,
+      });
+      if (outcome.status !== "success") {
+        remember(key, {
+          value: undefined,
+          error: outcome.error ?? outcome.status,
+          fetchedAt: Date.now(),
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+      remember(key, { value: outcome.data, fetchedAt: Date.now() });
+    } catch (error) {
+      remember(key, {
+        value: undefined,
+        error:
+          error instanceof OperationError || error instanceof Error
+            ? error.message
+            : String(error),
+        fetchedAt: Date.now(),
+      });
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+/** One entry per host the user can reach. Never waits on a host. */
+export async function readAcrossHosts<T>(
+  options: ReadOptions,
+): Promise<HostRead<T>[]> {
+  const registration = getAction(options.actionId);
+  if (!registration) return [];
+  const { action } = registration;
+  const { getPluginRuntime } = await import("../plugins/index.js");
+  const manifest = getPluginRuntime().loader.get(
+    registration.pluginId,
+  )?.manifest;
+  if (!manifest) return [];
+
+  const permissions = PermissionManager.getInstance();
+  const targets = await loadProbeTargets(options.userId, options.hostIds);
+  const reads: HostRead<T>[] = [];
+
+  for (const target of targets) {
+    const hostId = target.id;
+    const access = await permissions.canAccessHost(
+      options.userId,
+      hostId,
+      action.hostAccess ?? "connect",
+    );
+    if (!access.hasAccess) {
+      reads.push({ hostId, state: "no-access" });
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (action.when) {
+      const host = await loadOperationHost(hostId, manifest);
+      if (!host || !matchesWhen(action.when, host)) continue;
+    }
+
+    const key = cacheKey(options.userId, options.actionId, hostId);
+    const cached = cache.get(key);
+    const fresh = cached && Date.now() - cached.fetchedAt < RESOURCE_FRESH_MS;
+
+    if (isOffline(hostId)) {
+      reads.push({
+        hostId,
+        state: "offline",
+        value: cached?.value as T | undefined,
+        fetchedAt: cached
+          ? new Date(cached.fetchedAt).toISOString()
+          : undefined,
+      });
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!fresh || options.refresh) void refreshHost(options, hostId, key);
+    if (!cached) {
+      reads.push({ hostId, state: "loading" });
+    } else if (cached.error) {
+      reads.push({
+        hostId,
+        state: "error",
+        error: cached.error,
+        fetchedAt: new Date(cached.fetchedAt).toISOString(),
+      });
+    } else {
+      reads.push({
+        hostId,
+        state: "ok",
+        value: cached.value as T,
+        fetchedAt: new Date(cached.fetchedAt).toISOString(),
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return reads;
+}
+
+export interface ResourceRow {
+  hostId: number;
+  key: string;
+  row: Record<string, unknown>;
+}
+
+/** Flattens per host reads into table rows, keeping each host's state. */
+export function flattenResourceRows(
+  reads: HostRead<ResourceListResult>[],
+  keyField: string,
+): { rows: ResourceRow[]; hosts: Omit<HostRead<unknown>, "value">[] } {
+  const rows: ResourceRow[] = [];
+  const hosts: Omit<HostRead<unknown>, "value">[] = [];
+  for (const read of reads) {
+    const { value, ...state } = read;
+    hosts.push(state);
+    for (const row of value?.rows ?? []) {
+      rows.push({ hostId: read.hostId, key: String(row[keyField]), row });
+    }
+  }
+  return { rows, hosts };
+}
+
+const WORST: SignalStatus[] = ["fail", "warn", "unknown", "ok"];
+
+/** The worst status across hosts, for a server level tile. */
+export function worstStatus(
+  results: (SignalResult | undefined)[],
+): SignalStatus {
+  for (const status of WORST) {
+    if (results.some((result) => result?.status === status)) return status;
+  }
+  return "unknown";
+}
+
+/** Test seam. */
+export function clearResourceCache(): void {
+  cache.clear();
+}

src/backend/plugins/actor.ts

@@ -20,7 +20,28 @@
 
 import { AsyncLocalStorage } from "node:async_hooks";
 
-interface ActorStore {
+/** How a call reached core, for run history and approval rules. */
+export interface ActorOrigin {
+  kind: "ui" | "api" | "plugin";
+  /** Which plugin asked, set by core from the ctx that made the call. */
+  pluginId?: string;
+  /** What the plugin was doing: automation, assistant, mcp, rollout and so on. */
+  via?: string;
+}
+
+/** Follows a call through plugin work, so nothing loses who started it. */
+export interface ActorTrail {
+  origin?: ActorOrigin;
+  apiKeyId?: string;
+  /** Null means a key with full access. */
+  apiKeyScopes?: string[] | null;
+  /** The operation run this work belongs to. */
+  runId?: string;
+  /** How many operations or events led here. */
+  depth?: number;
+}
+
+interface ActorStore extends ActorTrail {
   userId: string;
   /** Where the identity came from, for the audit line. */
   source: "request" | "asUser" | "service";
@@ -35,8 +56,34 @@ export function runAsActor<T>(
   source: ActorStore["source"],
   fn: () => T,
   sessionId?: string,
+  trail?: ActorTrail,
 ): T {
-  return storage.run({ userId, source, sessionId }, fn);
+  const parent = storage.getStore();
+  return storage.run(
+    {
+      origin: parent?.origin,
+      apiKeyId: parent?.apiKeyId,
+      apiKeyScopes: parent?.apiKeyScopes,
+      runId: parent?.runId,
+      depth: parent?.depth,
+      ...trail,
+      userId,
+      source,
+      sessionId,
+    },
+    fn,
+  );
+}
+
+export function getActorTrail(): ActorTrail {
+  const store = storage.getStore();
+  return {
+    origin: store?.origin,
+    apiKeyId: store?.apiKeyId,
+    apiKeyScopes: store?.apiKeyScopes,
+    runId: store?.runId,
+    depth: store?.depth,
+  };
 }
 
 export function getActorSessionId(): string | undefined {

src/backend/plugins/ctx-operations.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+/**
+ * ctx.operations: declaring what a plugin can do, and asking for another
+ * plugin's action to run.
+ *
+ * invoke acts for the current user, so on its own it would let any plugin spend
+ * that user's full authority. It needs the capability, the action named in the
+ * manifest's invokes list, and the origin always names the calling plugin, set
+ * here from the closure rather than from anything the plugin passes.
+ */
+
+import type {
+  PluginOperations,
+  PluginOperationInvokeOptions,
+} from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/backend";
+import {
+  invokeAllowed,
+  type OperationAction,
+} from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/operations";
+import type { PluginManifest } from "./manifest.js";
+import { assertCapability, capabilityRefused } from "./permissions.js";
+import { getActor, getActorTrail, type ActorOrigin } from "./actor.js";
+import type { DisposableBag } from "./disposables.js";
+import {
+  registerAction,
+  revokeAction,
+  type OperationHandler,
+} from "../operations/registry.js";
+import { provideApprovalPolicy } from "../operations/approvals.js";
+import {
+  emitOperationEvent,
+  subscribeOperationEvents,
+} from "../operations/events.js";
+import {
+  drainPlugin,
+  OperationError,
+  runOperation,
+} from "../operations/gate.js";
+import { buildCatalog } from "../operations/catalog.js";
+
+interface Deps {
+  manifest: PluginManifest;
+  bag: DisposableBag;
+}
+
+export function createPluginOperations({
+  manifest,
+  bag,
+}: Deps): PluginOperations {
+  const pluginId = manifest.id;
+  const declared = manifest.capabilities;
+  const contribution = manifest.contributes?.operations;
+  let drainRegistered = false;
+
+  const declaredAction = (id: string): OperationAction => {
+    const action = contribution?.actions?.find((entry) => entry.id === id);
+    if (!action) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Plugin ${pluginId} cannot register action "${id}": it is not declared in contributes.operations`,
+      );
+    }
+    return action;
+  };
+
+  const actingUser = (): string => {
+    const userId = getActor();
+    if (!userId) {
+      throw new Error(
+        "ctx.operations needs an acting user: call it inside a request or ctx.asUser",
+      );
+    }
+    return userId;
+  };
+
+  return {
+    register: (id, handler) => {
+      if (!declared.includes("operations:provide")) {
+        throw capabilityRefused(pluginId, "operations:provide");
+      }
+      const registration = registerAction(
+        pluginId,
+        declaredAction(id),
+        handler as OperationHandler,
+      );
+      bag.add(() => void revokeAction(registration), `action "${id}"`);
+      // Added once and after the actions, so disposal, which runs newest
+      // first, drains before anything the handlers use is torn down.
+      if (!drainRegistered) {
+        drainRegistered = true;
+        bag.add(() => drainPlugin(pluginId), "operations drain");
+      }
+    },
+
+    // A plugin's own route running its own action, so a button press lands in
+    // the same history. The caller stays the origin, not this plugin.
+    run: async (actionId, options = {}) => {
+      if (!declared.includes("operations:provide")) {
+        throw capabilityRefused(pluginId, "operations:provide");
+      }
+      declaredAction(actionId);
+      const trail = getActorTrail();
+      return runOperation({
+        actionId,
+        hostId: options.hostId,
+        resourceKey: options.resourceKey,
+        input: options.input,
+        dryRun: options.dryRun,
+        confirmed: options.confirmed,
+        idempotencyKey: options.idempotencyKey,
+        batchId: options.batchId,
+        userId: actingUser(),
+        origin: trail.origin ?? { kind: "plugin", pluginId },
+        apiKeyScopes: trail.apiKeyScopes,
+        depth: trail.depth,
+      });
+    },
+
+    invoke: async (actionId, options = {}) => {
+      await assertCapability(pluginId, "operations:invoke", declared);
+      if (!invokeAllowed(contribution?.invokes, actionId)) {
+        throw new OperationError(
+          "FORBIDDEN",
+          `${pluginId} did not declare that it runs ${actionId}`,
+        );
+      }
+      const trail = getActorTrail();
+      const origin: ActorOrigin = {
+        kind: "plugin",
+        pluginId,
+        via: (options as PluginOperationInvokeOptions).via,
+      };
+      return runOperation({
+        actionId,
+        hostId: options.hostId,
+        resourceKey: options.resourceKey,
+        input: options.input,
+        dryRun: options.dryRun,
+        confirmed: options.confirmed,
+        idempotencyKey: options.idempotencyKey,
+        batchId: options.batchId,
+        userId: actingUser(),
+        origin,
+        apiKeyScopes: trail.apiKeyScopes,
+        depth: trail.depth,
+      });
+    },
+
+    list: async (options) => {
+      await assertCapability(pluginId, "operations:invoke", declared);
+      return buildCatalog({
+        userId: actingUser(),
+        lang: options?.lang,
+        surface: options?.surface,
+      });
+    },
+
+    emit: async (eventId, payload, options) => {
+      if (!declared.includes("operations:provide")) {
+        throw capabilityRefused(pluginId, "operations:provide");
+      }
+      const event = contribution?.events?.find((entry) => entry.id === eventId);
+      if (!event) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Plugin ${pluginId} cannot emit "${eventId}": it is not declared in contributes.operations`,
+        );
+      }
+      await emitOperationEvent({
+        eventId,
+        pluginId,
+        hostId: options?.hostId,
+        severity: event.severity,
+        payload,
+      });
+    },
+
+    onEvent: (subscription) => {
+      if (!declared.includes("operations:invoke")) {
+        throw capabilityRefused(pluginId, "operations:invoke");
+      }
+      const remove = subscribeOperationEvents(pluginId, subscription);
+      bag.add(remove, `events "${subscription.pattern}"`);
+      return remove;
+    },
+
+    approvals: {
+      provide: (provider) => {
+        if (!declared.includes("operations:approve")) {
+          throw capabilityRefused(pluginId, "operations:approve");
+        }
+        const remove = provideApprovalPolicy(pluginId, manifest, provider);
+        bag.add(remove, "approval rules");
+        return remove;
+      },
+    },
+  };
+}

src/backend/plugins/ctx.ts

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ import { createPluginAuth, createPluginSsh } from "./ctx-ssh-auth.js";
 import { createPluginHosts } from "./ctx-hosts.js";
 import { createPluginSchedule } from "./schedule.js";
 import { createPluginFetch, createPluginNotify } from "./ctx-notify.js";
+import { createPluginOperations } from "./ctx-operations.js";
 import { createPluginProcess } from "./ctx-process.js";
 import { createPluginSystem } from "./ctx-system.js";
 import { createPluginPlugins } from "./ctx-plugins.js";
@@ -976,6 +977,8 @@ export function createPluginContext(
       void reportRuntimeError(pluginId, error);
     }),
     ssh: createPluginSsh({ manifest, bag: handle.bag, audit: auditCall }),
+    operations: createPluginOperations({ manifest, bag: handle.bag }),
+
     notify: createPluginNotify({
       manifest,
       audit: auditCall,

src/backend/plugins/http.ts

@@ -354,15 +354,21 @@ export function createPluginRouter({
   // After auth, so the actor is the user core authenticated rather than
   // whatever the request claimed.
   outer.use((req: Request, _res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
-    const { userId, sessionId } = req as Request & {
+    const { userId, sessionId, apiKeyId, apiKeyScopes } = req as Request & {
       userId?: string;
       sessionId?: string;
+      apiKeyId?: string;
+      apiKeyScopes?: string[] | null;
     };
     if (!userId) {
       next();
       return;
     }
-    runAsActor(userId, "request", () => next(), sessionId);
+    runAsActor(userId, "request", () => next(), sessionId, {
+      origin: { kind: apiKeyId ? "api" : "ui" },
+      apiKeyId,
+      apiKeyScopes,
+    });
   });
 
   outer.use(inner);

src/backend/starter.ts

@@ -243,6 +243,9 @@ async function provisionLocalDesktopUserIfNeeded(): Promise<void> {
     // Last, so a plugin's activate() sees a fully wired server. A plugin that
     // fails to load must not stop the backend, so this never rejects.
     try {
+      const { startOperationsMaintenance } =
+        await import("./operations/maintenance.js");
+      await startOperationsMaintenance();
       const { initializePlugins } = await import("./plugins/index.js");
       const loaded = await initializePlugins({ freshInstall });
       if (loaded.length > 0) {

src/backend/tests/database/routes/operations-routes.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+import express from "express";
+import request from "supertest";
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+
+const state = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  userId: "user-1",
+  apiKeyId: undefined as string | undefined,
+  apiKeyScopes: undefined as string[] | null | undefined,
+  actingAdminUserId: undefined as string | undefined,
+  viewAll: false,
+  hostAccess: false,
+  runs: new Map<string, Record<string, unknown>>(),
+  runOperation: vi.fn(),
+  decide: vi.fn(),
+  cancel: vi.fn(async () => true),
+}));
+
+vi.mock("../../../utils/logger.js", () => ({
+  databaseLogger: { error: vi.fn(), warn: vi.fn(), info: vi.fn() },
+  pluginLogger: { warn: vi.fn(), info: vi.fn(), error: vi.fn() },
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../utils/auth-manager.js", () => ({
+  AuthManager: {
+    getInstance: () => ({
+      createAuthMiddleware:
+        () =>
+        (
+          req: Record<string, unknown>,
+          _res: unknown,
+          next: () => void,
+        ): void => {
+          req.userId = state.userId;
+          req.apiKeyId = state.apiKeyId;
+          req.apiKeyScopes = state.apiKeyScopes;
+          req.actingAdminUserId = state.actingAdminUserId;
+          next();
+        },
+    }),
+  },
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../utils/permission-manager.js", () => ({
+  PermissionManager: {
+    getInstance: () => ({
+      hasPermission: async () => state.viewAll,
+      canAccessHost: async () => ({ hasAccess: state.hostAccess }),
+    }),
+  },
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../database/repositories/factory.js", () => ({
+  createCurrentOperationRepository: () => ({
+    findRun: async (id: string) => state.runs.get(id) ?? null,
+    listRuns: async (filters: { userId?: string }) =>
+      [...state.runs.values()].filter(
+        (run) => !filters.userId || run.userId === filters.userId,
+      ),
+    listPendingApprovals: async () => [],
+    listEvents: async () => [],
+  }),
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../operations/catalog.js", () => ({
+  buildCatalog: vi.fn(async () => ({
+    actions: [{ id: "demo.restart" }],
+    events: [],
+    resources: [],
+    signals: [],
+  })),
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../operations/resources.js", () => ({
+  flattenResourceRows: vi.fn(),
+  readAcrossHosts: vi.fn(async () => []),
+}));
+vi.mock("../../../operations/gate.js", () => {
+  class OperationError extends Error {
+    status: number;
+    constructor(
+      readonly code: string,
+      message: string,
+      status = 403,
+    ) {
+      super(message);
+      this.status = status;
+    }
+  }
+  return {
+    OperationError,
+    runOperation: state.runOperation,
+    decideOperationApproval: state.decide,
+    cancelOperationRun: state.cancel,
+  };
+});
+
+const { default: router } =
+  await import("../../../database/routes/operations-routes.js");
+const { OperationError } = await import("../../../operations/gate.js");
+
+const app = express();
+app.use(express.json());
+app.use("/operations", router);
+
+const run = (overrides: Record<string, unknown> = {}) => ({
+  id: "run-1",
+  actionId: "demo.restart",
+  pluginId: "demo",
+  pluginVersion: "1.0.0",
+  userId: "user-1",
+  username: "name",
+  origin: '{"kind":"ui"}',
+  hostId: 1,
+  hostName: "web",
+  batchId: null,
+  dryRun: false,
+  risk: "change",
+  status: "success",
+  summary: "done",
+  changed: true,
+  input: '{"token":"[redacted]"}',
+  sealedInput: "sealed:secret",
+  output: null,
+  undoInput: null,
+  error: null,
+  errorCode: null,
+  undoOf: null,
+  createdAt: "2026-01-01",
+  startedAt: null,
+  finishedAt: null,
+  ...overrides,
+});
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  state.userId = "user-1";
+  state.apiKeyId = undefined;
+  state.apiKeyScopes = undefined;
+  state.actingAdminUserId = undefined;
+  state.viewAll = false;
+  state.hostAccess = false;
+  state.runs.clear();
+  state.runOperation.mockReset();
+  state.runOperation.mockResolvedValue({ runId: "r", status: "success" });
+  state.decide.mockReset();
+  state.decide.mockResolvedValue({ runId: "r", status: "success" });
+});
+
+describe("POST /operations/:id/run", () => {
+  it("passes a session as a ui origin", async () => {
+    await request(app)
+      .post("/operations/demo.restart/run")
+      .send({ hostId: 1, input: { name: "x" } })
+      .expect(200);
+    expect(state.runOperation).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        actionId: "demo.restart",
+        hostId: 1,
+        userId: "user-1",
+        origin: { kind: "ui" },
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("passes a key as an api origin with its scopes", async () => {
+    state.apiKeyId = "key";
+    state.apiKeyScopes = ["operations:read"];
+    await request(app)
+      .post("/operations/demo.restart/run")
+      .send({})
+      .expect(200);
+    expect(state.runOperation).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        origin: { kind: "api" },
+        apiKeyScopes: ["operations:read"],
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("does not take the user or origin from the body", async () => {
+    await request(app)
+      .post("/operations/demo.restart/run")
+      .send({ userId: "admin", origin: { kind: "plugin", via: "automation" } })
+      .expect(200);
+    expect(state.runOperation).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ userId: "user-1", origin: { kind: "ui" } }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("sends a refusal's status and code", async () => {
+    state.runOperation.mockRejectedValue(
+      new (
+        OperationError as never as new (code: string, message: string) => Error
+      )("FORBIDDEN", "No"),
+    );
+    const response = await request(app)
+      .post("/operations/demo.restart/run")
+      .send({})
+      .expect(403);
+    expect(response.body).toMatchObject({ code: "FORBIDDEN", error: "No" });
+  });
+});
+
+describe("runs", () => {
+  it("never returns the sealed input", async () => {
+    state.runs.set("run-1", run());
+    const response = await request(app)
+      .get("/operations/runs/run-1")
+      .expect(200);
+    expect(JSON.stringify(response.body)).not.toContain("secret");
+  });
+
+  it("hides another user's run", async () => {
+    state.runs.set("run-1", run({ userId: "someone" }));
+    await request(app).get("/operations/runs/run-1").expect(404);
+  });
+
+  it("shows a run to someone who manages its host", async () => {
+    state.runs.set("run-1", run({ userId: "someone" }));
+    state.hostAccess = true;
+    await request(app).get("/operations/runs/run-1").expect(200);
+  });
+
+  it("lists only a user's own runs", async () => {
+    state.runs.set("a", run({ id: "a" }));
+    state.runs.set("b", run({ id: "b", userId: "someone" }));
+    const response = await request(app).get("/operations/runs").expect(200);
+    expect(response.body.runs.map((row: { id: string }) => row.id)).toEqual([
+      "a",
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("lists everything with the view permission", async () => {
+    state.viewAll = true;
+    state.runs.set("a", run({ id: "a" }));
+    state.runs.set("b", run({ id: "b", userId: "someone" }));
+    const response = await request(app).get("/operations/runs").expect(200);
+    expect(response.body.runs).toHaveLength(2);
+  });
+
+  it("does not cancel another user's run", async () => {
+    state.runs.set("run-1", run({ userId: "someone" }));
+    await request(app).post("/operations/runs/run-1/cancel").expect(404);
+    expect(state.cancel).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+});
+
+describe("POST /operations/approvals/:id", () => {
+  it("needs a clear answer", async () => {
+    await request(app)
+      .post("/operations/approvals/a")
+      .send({ approve: "yes" })
+      .expect(400);
+    expect(state.decide).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("refuses a scoped key", async () => {
+    state.apiKeyScopes = ["operations:run"];
+    await request(app)
+      .post("/operations/approvals/a")
+      .send({ approve: true })
+      .expect(403);
+    expect(state.decide).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("marks an impersonated request", async () => {
+    state.actingAdminUserId = "admin";
+    await request(app)
+      .post("/operations/approvals/a")
+      .send({ approve: true })
+      .expect(200);
+    expect(state.decide).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ impersonated: true }),
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+describe("GET /operations/catalog", () => {
+  it("answers", async () => {
+    const response = await request(app).get("/operations/catalog").expect(200);
+    expect(response.body.actions).toEqual([{ id: "demo.restart" }]);
+  });
+});

src/backend/tests/operations/gate.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { OperationAction } from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/operations";
+
+const state = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  permissions: new Set<string>(),
+  hostLevels: new Map<number, string>(),
+  plugin: {
+    state: "active",
+    source: "bundled",
+    signedTier: undefined as string | undefined,
+    manifest: {
+      version: "1.0.0",
+      capabilities: ["operations:provide"],
+    },
+  },
+  capability: true,
+  safeMode: false,
+  host: { name: "web", updatedAt: "2026-01-01", tags: ["prod"] } as {
+    name: string;
+    updatedAt: string;
+    tags: string[];
+  },
+  runs: new Map<string, Record<string, unknown>>(),
+  approvals: new Map<string, Record<string, unknown>>(),
+  audits: [] as Record<string, unknown>[],
+  events: [] as Record<string, unknown>[],
+}));
+
+vi.mock("../../utils/logger.js", () => ({
+  pluginLogger: {
+    warn: vi.fn(),
+    info: vi.fn(),
+    error: vi.fn(),
+    debug: vi.fn(),
+  },
+}));
+vi.mock("../../utils/audit-logger.js", () => ({
+  logAudit: async (entry: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+    state.audits.push(entry);
+  },
+}));
+vi.mock("../../utils/system-secret-crypto.js", () => ({
+  encryptSystemSecret: async (text: string) => `sealed:${text}`,
+  decryptSystemSecret: async (text: string) => text.slice("sealed:".length),
+  isSystemEncrypted: (text: string) => text.startsWith("sealed:"),
+}));
+vi.mock("../../utils/permission-manager.js", () => ({
+  PermissionManager: {
+    getInstance: () => ({
+      hasPermission: async (userId: string, permission: string) =>
+        state.permissions.has(`${userId}:${permission}`),
+      canAccessHost: async (userId: string, hostId: number, level: string) => {
+        const held = state.hostLevels.get(hostId);
+        const rank = ["connect", "view", "edit", "manage"];
+        return {
+          hasAccess:
+            held !== undefined && rank.indexOf(held) >= rank.indexOf(level),
+        };
+      },
+    }),
+  },
+}));
+vi.mock("../../plugins/permissions.js", () => ({
+  hasCapability: async () => state.capability,
+}));
+vi.mock("../../plugins/safe-mode.js", () => ({
+  safeModeOn: () => state.safeMode,
+}));
+vi.mock("../../plugins/manifest.js", () => ({
+  qualifyPermission: (pluginId: string, name: string) =>
+    name.startsWith(`${pluginId}.`) ? name : `${pluginId}.${name}`,
+}));
+vi.mock("../../plugins/index.js", () => ({
+  getPluginRuntime: () => ({ loader: { get: () => state.plugin } }),
+}));
+vi.mock("../../plugins/host-status-provider.js", () => ({
+  hostStatus: { get: () => null },
+}));
+vi.mock("../../plugins/ctx-probe.js", () => ({
+  loadProbeTargets: async () => [],
+}));
+vi.mock("../../operations/hosts.js", () => ({
+  loadOperationHost: async (id: number) => ({
+    id,
+    ...state.host,
+    os: null,
+    settings: {},
+  }),
+}));
+vi.mock("../../database/repositories/factory.js", () => ({
+  createCurrentUserRepository: () => ({
+    findById: async (id: string) => ({ username: `name-${id}` }),
+  }),
+  createCurrentOperationRepository: () => ({
+    insertRun: async (run: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      state.runs.set(run.id as string, { ...run });
+    },
+    findRun: async (id: string) => state.runs.get(id) ?? null,
+    findByIdempotencyKey: async (userId: string, key: string) =>
+      [...state.runs.values()].find(
+        (run) => run.userId === userId && run.idempotencyKey === key,
+      ) ?? null,
+    updateRunFrom: async (
+      id: string,
+      from: string,
+      patch: Record<string, unknown>,
+    ) => {
+      const run = state.runs.get(id);
+      if (!run || run.status !== from) return false;
+      Object.assign(run, patch);
+      return true;
+    },
+    insertApproval: async (row: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      state.approvals.set(row.id as string, { ...row });
+    },
+    findApproval: async (id: string) => state.approvals.get(id) ?? null,
+    findApprovalForRun: async (runId: string) =>
+      [...state.approvals.values()].find((row) => row.runId === runId) ?? null,
+    decideApproval: async (id: string, status: string) => {
+      const row = state.approvals.get(id);
+      if (!row || row.status !== "pending") return false;
+      row.status = status;
+      return true;
+    },
+    insertEvent: async (event: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+      state.events.push(event);
+    },
+  }),
+}));
+
+const { registerAction, clearOperationRegistry } =
+  await import("../../operations/registry.js");
+const { provideApprovalPolicy, clearApprovalPolicies } =
+  await import("../../operations/approvals.js");
+const {
+  cancelOperationRun,
+  clearOperationGate,
+  decideOperationApproval,
+  drainPlugin,
+  OperationError,
+  OperationNeedsInteraction,
+  runOperation,
+} = await import("../../operations/gate.js");
+
+const USER = "user-1";
+const APPROVER = "user-2";
+
+const action = (overrides: Partial<OperationAction> = {}): OperationAction => ({
+  id: "demo.restart",
+  titleKey: "t",
+  scope: "host",
+  risk: "change",
+  permission: "use",
+  hostAccess: "edit",
+  inputs: [
+    { key: "name", type: "string", required: true },
+    { key: "token", type: "secret" },
+  ],
+  dryRun: "native",
+  ...overrides,
+});
+
+function register(
+  overrides: Partial<OperationAction> = {},
+  run = vi.fn(async () => ({ summary: "done", changed: true })),
+) {
+  registerAction("demo", action(overrides), { run });
+  return run;
+}
+
+const manifestForPolicy = {
+  capabilities: ["operations:approve"],
+} as never;
+
+const base = {
+  actionId: "demo.restart",
+  hostId: 1,
+  input: { name: "nginx" },
+  userId: USER,
+  origin: { kind: "ui" } as const,
+};
+
+async function refused(request: Parameters<typeof runOperation>[0]) {
+  try {
+    await runOperation(request);
+  } catch (error) {
+    expect(error).toBeInstanceOf(OperationError);
+    return (error as InstanceType<typeof OperationError>).code;
+  }
+  throw new Error("Expected a refusal");
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  state.permissions = new Set([`${USER}:demo.use`, `${APPROVER}:demo.use`]);
+  state.hostLevels = new Map([[1, "edit"]]);
+  state.plugin.state = "active";
+  state.plugin.source = "bundled";
+  state.plugin.manifest.version = "1.0.0";
+  state.capability = true;
+  state.safeMode = false;
+  state.host = { name: "web", updatedAt: "2026-01-01", tags: ["prod"] };
+  state.runs.clear();
+  state.approvals.clear();
+  state.audits.length = 0;
+  state.events.length = 0;
+});
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  clearOperationRegistry();
+  clearApprovalPolicies();
+  clearOperationGate();
+});
+
+describe("refusals", () => {
+  it("does not run an unknown action", async () => {
+    expect(await refused(base)).toBe("NOT_FOUND");
+  });
+
+  it("does not run in safe mode", async () => {
+    register();
+    state.safeMode = true;
+    expect(await refused(base)).toBe("SAFE_MODE");
+  });
+
+  it("does not run for a plugin that stopped", async () => {
+    register();
+    state.plugin.state = "disabled";
+    expect(await refused(base)).toBe("UNAVAILABLE");
+  });
+
+  it("rechecks the grant at use", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    state.capability = false;
+    expect(await refused(base)).toBe("UNAVAILABLE");
+    expect(run).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("needs the role permission", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    state.permissions.clear();
+    expect(await refused(base)).toBe("FORBIDDEN");
+    expect(run).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("needs the declared host level", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    state.hostLevels.set(1, "connect");
+    expect(await refused(base)).toBe("FORBIDDEN");
+    expect(run).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("refuses bad input before anything runs", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    expect(await refused({ ...base, input: { nope: 1 } })).toBe(
+      "INVALID_INPUT",
+    );
+    expect(run).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("needs a host for a host action", async () => {
+    register();
+    expect(await refused({ ...base, hostId: undefined })).toBe("INVALID_INPUT");
+  });
+
+  it("needs a confirm for destructive actions", async () => {
+    register({ risk: "destructive" });
+    expect(await refused(base)).toBe("NEEDS_CONFIRM");
+    expect((await runOperation({ ...base, confirmed: true })).status).toBe(
+      "success",
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("stops long chains", async () => {
+    register();
+    expect(await refused({ ...base, depth: 4 })).toBe("TOO_DEEP");
+  });
+});
+
+describe("api key scopes", () => {
+  it("lets a read key run reads only", async () => {
+    register();
+    register({ id: "demo.read", risk: "read", hostAccess: "connect" });
+    expect(await refused({ ...base, apiKeyScopes: ["operations:read"] })).toBe(
+      "SCOPE",
+    );
+    const read = await runOperation({
+      ...base,
+      actionId: "demo.read",
+      apiKeyScopes: ["operations:read"],
+    });
+    expect(read.status).toBe("success");
+  });
+
+  it("treats no scopes as full access", async () => {
+    register();
+    const outcome = await runOperation({ ...base, apiKeyScopes: null });
+    expect(outcome.status).toBe("success");
+  });
+});
+
+describe("runs", () => {
+  it("records a run and never stores a secret", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    const outcome = await runOperation({
+      ...base,
+      input: { name: "nginx", token: "hunter2" },
+    });
+
+    expect(outcome.status).toBe("success");
+    expect(run.mock.calls[0]?.[0]).toMatchObject({ token: "hunter2" });
+    const row = state.runs.get(outcome.runId!)!;
+    expect(row.status).toBe("success");
+    expect(JSON.stringify(row)).not.toContain("hunter2");
+    expect(JSON.stringify(state.audits)).not.toContain("hunter2");
+    expect(JSON.stringify(state.events)).not.toContain("hunter2");
+  });
+
+  it("keeps failures in the run, not thrown", async () => {
+    register(
+      {},
+      vi.fn(async () => {
+        throw new Error("no such unit");
+      }),
+    );
+    const outcome = await runOperation(base);
+    expect(outcome).toMatchObject({ status: "failed", error: "no such unit" });
+    expect(state.runs.get(outcome.runId!)!.status).toBe("failed");
+  });
+
+  it("reports hosts that need a person", async () => {
+    register(
+      {},
+      vi.fn(async () => {
+        throw new OperationNeedsInteraction("Sign in first");
+      }),
+    );
+    const outcome = await runOperation(base);
+    expect(outcome.status).toBe("needs_interaction");
+  });
+
+  it("passes dry run to a native handler", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    await runOperation({ ...base, dryRun: true });
+    expect(run.mock.calls[0]).toBeDefined();
+    expect(
+      (run.mock.calls[0] as unknown as [unknown, { dryRun: boolean }])[1]
+        .dryRun,
+    ).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("never calls run for a describe dry run", async () => {
+    const run = vi.fn(async () => ({ summary: "x" }));
+    registerAction("demo", action({ dryRun: "describe" }), {
+      run,
+      describe: () => "Would restart nginx",
+    });
+    const outcome = await runOperation({ ...base, dryRun: true });
+    expect(outcome.summary).toBe("Would restart nginx");
+    expect(run).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("drops sensitive outputs", async () => {
+    register(
+      { outputs: [{ key: "conf", type: "textarea", sensitive: true }] },
+      vi.fn(async () => ({
+        summary: "ok",
+        data: { conf: "private key" },
+      })),
+    );
+    const outcome = await runOperation(base);
+    expect(JSON.stringify(outcome)).not.toContain("private key");
+    expect(JSON.stringify(state.runs.get(outcome.runId!))).not.toContain(
+      "private key",
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("writes no row for a background read", async () => {
+    register({ risk: "read", hostAccess: "connect" });
+    const outcome = await runOperation({ ...base, internal: true });
+    expect(outcome.runId).toBeNull();
+    expect(state.runs.size).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it("does not run twice for one idempotency key", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    const first = await runOperation({ ...base, idempotencyKey: "abc" });
+    const second = await runOperation({ ...base, idempotencyKey: "abc" });
+    expect(second.runId).toBe(first.runId);
+    expect(run).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it("emits a run event for a change", async () => {
+    register();
+    await runOperation(base);
+    await vi.waitFor(() =>
+      expect(state.events[0]).toMatchObject({
+        eventId: "operation.succeeded",
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("stops a run on cancel", async () => {
+    let started = () => {};
+    const ready = new Promise<void>((resolve) => (started = resolve));
+    register(
+      {},
+      vi.fn(
+        (_input, context: { signal: AbortSignal }) =>
+          new Promise((_, reject) => {
+            started();
+            context.signal.addEventListener("abort", () =>
+              reject(new Error("stopped")),
+            );
+          }),
+      ) as never,
+    );
+    const running = runOperation(base);
+    await ready;
+    const row = [...state.runs.values()][0]!;
+    expect(await cancelOperationRun(row as never)).toBe(true);
+    expect((await running).status).toBe("failed");
+  });
+});
+
+describe("policy", () => {
+  it("keeps AI and MCP away from changes with no rule", async () => {
+    register();
+    for (const via of ["assistant", "mcp"]) {
+      expect(
+        await refused({
+          ...base,
+          origin: { kind: "plugin", pluginId: "x", via },
+        }),
+      ).toBe("DENIED");
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("refuses a plugin with no stated purpose", async () => {
+    register();
+    expect(
+      await refused({ ...base, origin: { kind: "plugin", pluginId: "x" } }),
+    ).toBe("DENIED");
+  });
+
+  it("lets a person's automation go by RBAC", async () => {
+    register();
+    const outcome = await runOperation({
+      ...base,
+      origin: { kind: "plugin", pluginId: "x", via: "automation" },
+    });
+    expect(outcome.status).toBe("success");
+  });
+
+  it("treats a community read as a change", async () => {
+    state.plugin.source = "user";
+    state.plugin.signedTier = "community";
+    register({ risk: "read", hostAccess: "connect" });
+    expect(
+      await refused({
+        ...base,
+        origin: { kind: "plugin", pluginId: "x", via: "assistant" },
+      }),
+    ).toBe("DENIED");
+    state.plugin.signedTier = undefined;
+  });
+
+  it("denies when a provider throws", async () => {
+    register();
+    provideApprovalPolicy("rules", manifestForPolicy, () => {
+      throw new Error("boom");
+    });
+    expect(await refused(base)).toBe("DENIED");
+  });
+
+  it("takes the strictest answer", async () => {
+    register();
+    provideApprovalPolicy("a", manifestForPolicy, () => ({
+      decision: "allow",
+    }));
+    provideApprovalPolicy("b", manifestForPolicy, () => ({
+      decision: "deny",
+      reason: "No",
+    }));
+    expect(await refused(base)).toBe("DENIED");
+  });
+
+  it("audits a denial", async () => {
+    register();
+    provideApprovalPolicy("a", manifestForPolicy, () => ({ decision: "deny" }));
+    await refused(base);
+    expect(state.audits[0]).toMatchObject({
+      action: "operation_denied",
+      success: false,
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+describe("approvals", () => {
+  const needApproval = () =>
+    provideApprovalPolicy("rules", manifestForPolicy, () => ({
+      decision: "approve",
+    }));
+
+  async function pending(run = register()) {
+    needApproval();
+    const outcome = await runOperation({
+      ...base,
+      input: { name: "nginx", token: "hunter2" },
+    });
+    expect(outcome.status).toBe("pending_approval");
+    expect(run).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    return outcome;
+  }
+
+  const decide = (approvalId: string, approverId = APPROVER) =>
+    decideOperationApproval({ approvalId, approverId, approve: true });
+
+  it("runs the sealed input once approved, then wipes it", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    const { approvalId, runId } = await pending(run);
+
+    const row = state.runs.get(runId!)!;
+    expect(row.input).not.toContain("hunter2");
+    expect(row.sealedInput).toBeTruthy();
+
+    const outcome = await decide(approvalId!);
+    expect(outcome.status).toBe("success");
+    expect(run.mock.calls[0]?.[0]).toMatchObject({ token: "hunter2" });
+    expect(state.runs.get(runId!)!.sealedInput).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it("is one shot", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    const { approvalId } = await pending(run);
+    await decide(approvalId!);
+    await expect(decide(approvalId!)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+      code: "CONFLICT",
+    });
+    expect(run).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it("does not let a person approve their own request", async () => {
+    const { approvalId } = await pending();
+    await expect(decide(approvalId!, USER)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+      code: "FORBIDDEN",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("lets a person approve what an AI asked for", async () => {
+    register();
+    needApproval();
+    const outcome = await runOperation({
+      ...base,
+      origin: { kind: "plugin", pluginId: "x", via: "assistant" },
+    });
+    const done = await decide(outcome.approvalId!, USER);
+    expect(done.status).toBe("success");
+  });
+
+  it("does not let someone impersonating approve", async () => {
+    const { approvalId } = await pending();
+    await expect(
+      decideOperationApproval({
+        approvalId: approvalId!,
+        approverId: APPROVER,
+        approve: true,
+        impersonated: true,
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: "FORBIDDEN" });
+  });
+
+  it("needs the approver to hold the action's rights", async () => {
+    const { approvalId } = await pending();
+    state.permissions.delete(`${APPROVER}:demo.use`);
+    await expect(decide(approvalId!)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+      code: "FORBIDDEN",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("rechecks the requester when it runs", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    const { approvalId, runId } = await pending(run);
+    state.permissions.delete(`${USER}:demo.use`);
+    await expect(decide(approvalId!)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+      code: "FORBIDDEN",
+    });
+    expect(run).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(state.runs.get(runId!)!.status).toBe("rejected");
+  });
+
+  it("goes stale when the host changed", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    const { approvalId } = await pending(run);
+    state.host.updatedAt = "2026-02-02";
+    await expect(decide(approvalId!)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: "STALE" });
+    expect(run).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("goes stale when the plugin changed", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    const { approvalId } = await pending(run);
+    state.plugin.manifest.version = "2.0.0";
+    await expect(decide(approvalId!)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: "STALE" });
+    expect(run).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("refuses a sealed copy from another run", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    const first = await pending(run);
+    const second = await runOperation(base);
+    state.runs.get(second.runId!)!.sealedInput = state.runs.get(
+      first.runId!,
+    )!.sealedInput;
+    await expect(decide(second.approvalId!)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+      code: "STALE",
+    });
+    expect(run).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("refuses an expired approval", async () => {
+    const run = register();
+    const { approvalId } = await pending(run);
+    state.approvals.get(approvalId!)!.expiresAt = "2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z";
+    await expect(decide(approvalId!)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: "STALE" });
+    expect(run).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("wipes the sealed input on reject", async () => {
+    const { approvalId, runId } = await pending();
+    const outcome = await decideOperationApproval({
+      approvalId: approvalId!,
+      approverId: APPROVER,
+      approve: false,
+    });
+    expect(outcome.status).toBe("rejected");
+    expect(state.runs.get(runId!)!.sealedInput).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+
+describe("drain", () => {
+  it("waits for a handler that is still stopping", async () => {
+    let finish = () => {};
+    register(
+      {},
+      vi.fn(
+        () =>
+          new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
+            finish = () => reject(new Error("closed"));
+          }),
+      ) as never,
+    );
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    void runOperation(base).catch(() => {});
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0);
+
+    let drained = false;
+    const draining = drainPlugin("demo").then(() => (drained = true));
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5_000);
+    expect(drained).toBe(false);
+
+    finish();
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0);
+    await draining;
+    vi.useRealTimers();
+    expect(drained).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("stops running work and marks it interrupted", async () => {
+    register({}, vi.fn(() => new Promise(() => {})) as never);
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    const running = runOperation(base);
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0);
+    const draining = drainPlugin("demo");
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(11_000);
+    await draining;
+    await running;
+    vi.useRealTimers();
+    expect([...state.runs.values()][0]!.status).toBe("interrupted");
+  });
+
+  it("refuses new runs while draining", async () => {
+    register({}, vi.fn(() => new Promise(() => {})) as never);
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    void runOperation(base);
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0);
+    const draining = drainPlugin("demo");
+    await expect(runOperation(base)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+      code: "UNAVAILABLE",
+    });
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(11_000);
+    await draining;
+    vi.useRealTimers();
+  });
+});

src/backend/tests/operations/key-scopes.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { keyScopeAllows, parseKeyScopes } from "../../operations/key-scopes.js";
+
+const READ = ["operations:read"];
+const RUN = ["operations:run"];
+
+describe("keyScopeAllows", () => {
+  it("leaves a key with no scopes alone", () => {
+    expect(keyScopeAllows(null, "POST", "/users/ws-ticket/api-key")).toBe(true);
+    expect(keyScopeAllows(null, "DELETE", "/host/1")).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps a scoped key off every other route", () => {
+    for (const path of [
+      "/users/ws-ticket/api-key",
+      "/host/1",
+      "/plugin-api/docker/1/containers",
+      "/credentials",
+    ]) {
+      expect(keyScopeAllows(RUN, "GET", path)).toBe(false);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("lets a read key read and start runs the gate then checks", () => {
+    expect(keyScopeAllows(READ, "GET", "/operations/catalog?lang=en")).toBe(
+      true,
+    );
+    expect(keyScopeAllows(READ, "POST", "/operations/docker.list/run")).toBe(
+      true,
+    );
+    expect(keyScopeAllows(READ, "POST", "/operations/approvals/abc")).toBe(
+      false,
+    );
+    expect(keyScopeAllows(READ, "POST", "/operations/runs/abc/cancel")).toBe(
+      false,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("reaches a plugin's MCP route only", () => {
+    expect(keyScopeAllows(READ, "POST", "/plugin-api/some-plugin/mcp")).toBe(
+      true,
+    );
+    expect(
+      keyScopeAllows(READ, "POST", "/plugin-api/some-plugin/mcp-admin"),
+    ).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("does not match lookalike paths", () => {
+    expect(keyScopeAllows(RUN, "GET", "/operationsx/catalog")).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("grants nothing with an empty list", () => {
+    expect(keyScopeAllows([], "GET", "/operations/catalog")).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("parseKeyScopes", () => {
+  it("reads a list", () => {
+    expect(parseKeyScopes('["operations:read"]')).toEqual(READ);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps old keys at full access", () => {
+    expect(parseKeyScopes(null)).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it("fails closed on junk", () => {
+    expect(parseKeyScopes("{nope")).toEqual([]);
+    expect(parseKeyScopes('"x"')).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});

src/backend/tests/plugins/ctx-operations.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { PluginManifest } from "../../plugins/manifest.js";
+
+const gate = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  runOperation: vi.fn(async () => ({ runId: "r", status: "success" })),
+  drainPlugin: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+}));
+
+vi.mock("../../utils/logger.js", () => ({
+  pluginLogger: {
+    warn: vi.fn(),
+    info: vi.fn(),
+    error: vi.fn(),
+    debug: vi.fn(),
+  },
+}));
+vi.mock("../../operations/gate.js", () => ({
+  ...gate,
+  OperationError: class extends Error {
+    constructor(_code: string, message: string) {
+      super(message);
+    }
+  },
+}));
+vi.mock("../../operations/catalog.js", () => ({
+  buildCatalog: vi.fn(async () => ({ actions: [] })),
+}));
+vi.mock("../../operations/events.js", () => ({
+  emitOperationEvent: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+  subscribeOperationEvents: vi.fn(() => () => {}),
+}));
+vi.mock("../../plugins/permissions.js", () => ({
+  assertCapability: vi.fn(
+    async (_id: string, capability: string, declared: string[]) => {
+      if (!declared.includes(capability)) throw new Error("refused");
+    },
+  ),
+  capabilityRefused: (pluginId: string, capability: string) =>
+    new Error(`${pluginId} lacks ${capability}`),
+}));
+
+const { createPluginOperations } =
+  await import("../../plugins/ctx-operations.js");
+const { DisposableBag } = await import("../../plugins/disposables.js");
+const { clearOperationRegistry, getAction } =
+  await import("../../operations/registry.js");
+const { runAsActor } = await import("../../plugins/actor.js");
+
+const action = {
+  id: "demo.restart",
+  titleKey: "t",
+  scope: "host",
+  risk: "change",
+  permission: "use",
+  hostAccess: "edit",
+};
+
+function build(capabilities: string[], invokes?: string[]) {
+  const bag = new DisposableBag("demo");
+  const manifest = {
+    id: "demo",
+    capabilities,
+    contributes: { operations: { actions: [action], invokes } },
+  } as unknown as PluginManifest;
+  return { bag, operations: createPluginOperations({ manifest, bag }) };
+}
+
+const handler = { run: async () => ({ summary: "ok" }) };
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  clearOperationRegistry();
+  gate.runOperation.mockClear();
+  gate.drainPlugin.mockClear();
+});
+
+describe("register", () => {
+  it("needs the capability", () => {
+    const { operations } = build([]);
+    expect(() => operations.register("demo.restart", handler)).toThrow(
+      "operations:provide",
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("refuses an undeclared action", () => {
+    const { operations } = build(["operations:provide"]);
+    expect(() => operations.register("demo.other", handler)).toThrow(
+      "not declared",
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("drains, then revokes, when the plugin stops", async () => {
+    const { bag, operations } = build(["operations:provide"]);
+    operations.register("demo.restart", handler);
+    expect(getAction("demo.restart")).toBeDefined();
+
+    await bag.disposeAll();
+    expect(gate.drainPlugin).toHaveBeenCalledWith("demo");
+    expect(getAction("demo.restart")).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it("keeps the new handler when an old disposer runs after a restart", async () => {
+    const first = build(["operations:provide"]);
+    first.operations.register("demo.restart", handler);
+    const second = build(["operations:provide"]);
+    const fresh = { run: async () => ({ summary: "new" }) };
+    second.operations.register("demo.restart", fresh);
+
+    await first.bag.disposeAll();
+    expect(getAction("demo.restart")?.handler).toBe(fresh);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("invoke", () => {
+  const asUser = <T>(fn: () => Promise<T>) =>
+    runAsActor("user", "request", fn, undefined, {
+      origin: { kind: "ui" },
+      apiKeyScopes: ["operations:read"],
+    });
+
+  it("needs the capability", async () => {
+    const { operations } = build([], ["*"]);
+    await expect(
+      asUser(() => operations.invoke("docker.restart")),
+    ).rejects.toThrow("refused");
+  });
+
+  it("only reaches what the manifest lists", async () => {
+    const { operations } = build(["operations:invoke"], ["docker.*"]);
+    await expect(
+      asUser(() => operations.invoke("firewall.allow")),
+    ).rejects.toThrow("did not declare");
+    expect(gate.runOperation).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("names the plugin as origin and keeps the key's limits", async () => {
+    const { operations } = build(["operations:invoke"], ["docker.*"]);
+    await asUser(() =>
+      operations.invoke("docker.restart", { via: "automation" }),
+    );
+    expect(gate.runOperation).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        userId: "user",
+        origin: { kind: "plugin", pluginId: "demo", via: "automation" },
+        apiKeyScopes: ["operations:read"],
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("does not let a plugin pick its own origin", async () => {
+    const { operations } = build(["operations:invoke"], ["*"]);
+    await asUser(() =>
+      operations.invoke("docker.restart", {
+        origin: { kind: "ui" },
+      } as never),
+    );
+    expect(gate.runOperation).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        origin: expect.objectContaining({ kind: "plugin", pluginId: "demo" }),
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("needs an acting user", async () => {
+    const { operations } = build(["operations:invoke"], ["*"]);
+    await expect(operations.invoke("docker.restart")).rejects.toThrow(
+      "acting user",
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+describe("run", () => {
+  it("keeps the caller as origin for a plugin's own action", async () => {
+    const { operations } = build(["operations:provide"]);
+    await runAsActor(
+      "user",
+      "request",
+      () => operations.run("demo.restart", { hostId: 1 }),
+      undefined,
+      { origin: { kind: "ui" } },
+    );
+    expect(gate.runOperation).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ origin: { kind: "ui" }, hostId: 1 }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("refuses another plugin's action", async () => {
+    const { operations } = build(["operations:provide"]);
+    await expect(
+      runAsActor("user", "request", () => operations.run("docker.restart")),
+    ).rejects.toThrow("not declared");
+  });
+});
+
+describe("emit", () => {
+  it("refuses an undeclared event", async () => {
+    const { operations } = build(["operations:provide"]);
+    await expect(operations.emit("demo.nothing")).rejects.toThrow(
+      "not declared",
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+describe("approvals", () => {
+  it("needs the capability", () => {
+    const { operations } = build([]);
+    expect(() => operations.approvals.provide(() => null)).toThrow(
+      "operations:approve",
+    );
+  });
+});

src/backend/tests/plugins/operations-manifest.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { parseManifest } from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/manifest";
+import {
+  invokeAllowed,
+  matchesWhen,
+  onSurface,
+  parseOperationInput,
+  redactFields,
+  toJsonSchema,
+  type OperationAction,
+  type OperationField,
+} from "@termix-ssh/plugin-sdk/operations";
+
+const action = (overrides: Partial<OperationAction> = {}): OperationAction => ({
+  id: "demo.allow-port",
+  titleKey: "ops.allow",
+  scope: "host",
+  risk: "change",
+  permission: "use",
+  hostAccess: "edit",
+  ...overrides,
+});
+
+function manifest(operations: unknown, capabilities = ["operations:provide"]) {
+  return {
+    id: "demo",
+    name: "Demo",
+    version: "1.0.0",
+    description: "A demo.",
+    author: { name: "test" },
+    license: "MIT",
+    category: "Productivity",
+    engine: { termix: ">=26.11.1-0", api: "^1.13" },
+    capabilities,
+    contributes: {
+      permissions: [
+        { name: "use", titleKey: "perm.use", descriptionKey: "perm.useDesc" },
+      ],
+      operations,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function errorsFor(operations: unknown, capabilities?: string[]): string[] {
+  return parseManifest(manifest(operations, capabilities)).errors ?? [];
+}
+
+describe("contributes.operations", () => {
+  it("accepts a full declaration", () => {
+    const errors = errorsFor({
+      actions: [
+        action({
+          check: "demo.port-allowed",
+          inputs: [
+            { key: "port", type: "number", required: true, min: 1, max: 65535 },
+            { key: "name", type: "resource", resource: "demo.rule" },
+          ],
+        }),
+        action({
+          id: "demo.port-allowed",
+          risk: "read",
+          hostAccess: "connect",
+        }),
+        action({
+          id: "demo.list-rules",
+          risk: "read",
+          hostAccess: "connect",
+        }),
+      ],
+      events: [{ id: "demo.turned-off", titleKey: "e", scope: "host" }],
+      resources: [
+        {
+          id: "demo.rule",
+          titleKey: "r",
+          list: "demo.list-rules",
+          key: "id",
+          name: "name",
+        },
+      ],
+      signals: [
+        {
+          id: "demo.rules",
+          titleKey: "s",
+          read: "demo.port-allowed",
+          scope: "host",
+          kind: "count",
+          fix: "demo.allow-port",
+        },
+      ],
+    });
+    expect(errors).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("needs the capability", () => {
+    expect(errorsFor({ actions: [action()] }, [])).toContainEqual(
+      expect.stringContaining("operations:provide"),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("refuses an id outside the plugin", () => {
+    expect(
+      errorsFor({ actions: [action({ id: "docker.stop" })] }),
+    ).toContainEqual(expect.stringContaining('must start with "demo."'));
+  });
+
+  it("refuses a destructive action a connect level user could run", () => {
+    expect(
+      errorsFor({
+        actions: [action({ risk: "destructive", hostAccess: "connect" })],
+      }),
+    ).toContainEqual(expect.stringContaining("edit or manage"));
+  });
+
+  it("lets a change declare its own level", () => {
+    expect(errorsFor({ actions: [action({ hostAccess: "connect" })] })).toEqual(
+      [],
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("refuses an undeclared permission", () => {
+    expect(
+      errorsFor({ actions: [action({ permission: "nope" })] }),
+    ).toContainEqual(expect.stringContaining("is not declared"));
+  });
+
+  it("refuses a check that is not a read", () => {
+    expect(
+      errorsFor({
+        actions: [
+          action({ check: "demo.other" }),
+          action({ id: "demo.other" }),
+        ],
+      }),
+    ).toContainEqual(expect.stringContaining("must be a read action"));
+  });
+
+  it("refuses references that go nowhere", () => {
+    const errors = errorsFor({
+      actions: [action({ undo: "demo.gone" })],
+      resources: [
+        {
+          id: "demo.rule",
+          titleKey: "r",
+          list: "demo.gone",
+          key: "id",
+          name: "n",
+        },
+      ],
+    });
+    expect(errors.length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(2);
+  });
+
+  it("refuses unknown fields", () => {
+    expect(
+      errorsFor({ actions: [{ ...action(), extra: true }] }),
+    ).toContainEqual(expect.stringContaining('Unknown field "extra"'));
+  });
+
+  it("refuses a default on a secret", () => {
+    expect(
+      errorsFor({
+        actions: [
+          action({
+            inputs: [{ key: "token", type: "secret", default: "abc" }],
+          }),
+        ],
+      }),
+    ).toContainEqual(expect.stringContaining("not allowed on a secret"));
+  });
+
+  it("needs operations:invoke for invokes", () => {
+    expect(errorsFor({ invokes: ["docker.*"] }, [])).toContainEqual(
+      expect.stringContaining("operations:invoke"),
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+describe("parseOperationInput", () => {
+  const fields: OperationField[] = [
+    { key: "port", type: "number", required: true, min: 1, max: 65535 },
+    {
+      key: "proto",
+      type: "select",
+      default: "tcp",
+      options: [
+        { value: "tcp", labelKey: "t" },
+        { value: "udp", labelKey: "u" },
+      ],
+    },
+    { key: "name", type: "string", pattern: "[a-z]+" },
+    { key: "data", type: "json" },
+  ];
+
+  it("coerces strings and fills defaults", () => {
+    expect(parseOperationInput(fields, { port: "443" })).toEqual({
+      values: { port: 443, proto: "tcp" },
+      errors: [],
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("refuses keys no field declares", () => {
+    expect(
+      parseOperationInput(fields, { port: 1, sudo: true }).errors,
+    ).toContainEqual(expect.stringContaining('"sudo"'));
+  });
+
+  it("needs required fields", () => {
+    expect(parseOperationInput(fields, {}).errors).toEqual([
+      '"port" is required',
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("checks bounds, options and the whole pattern", () => {
+    expect(parseOperationInput(fields, { port: 0 }).errors).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(
+      parseOperationInput(fields, { port: 1, proto: "icmp" }).errors,
+    ).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(
+      parseOperationInput(fields, { port: 1, name: "abc; rm -rf" }).errors,
+    ).toEqual(['"name" has the wrong format']);
+  });
+
+  it("parses json strings", () => {
+    expect(
+      parseOperationInput(fields, { port: 1, data: '{"a":1}' }).values.data,
+    ).toEqual({ a: 1 });
+  });
+
+  it("refuses a redacted echo for a secret", () => {
+    const secret: OperationField[] = [{ key: "token", type: "secret" }];
+    expect(
+      parseOperationInput(secret, { token: { set: true } }).errors,
+    ).toHaveLength(1);
+  });
+
+  it("refuses input that is not an object", () => {
+    expect(parseOperationInput(fields, "nope").errors).toHaveLength(1);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("helpers", () => {
+  it("redacts secrets and sensitive outputs", () => {
+    expect(
+      redactFields(
+        [
+          { key: "token", type: "secret" },
+          { key: "conf", type: "textarea", sensitive: true },
+          { key: "port", type: "number" },
+        ],
+        { token: "abc", conf: "key", port: 1 },
+      ),
+    ).toEqual({ token: "[redacted]", conf: "[redacted]", port: 1 });
+  });
+
+  it("builds JSON Schema", () => {
+    const schema = toJsonSchema([
+      { key: "port", type: "number", required: true, min: 1 },
+      { key: "token", type: "secret" },
+    ]) as { properties: Record<string, unknown>; required: string[] };
+    expect(schema.required).toEqual(["port"]);
+    expect(schema.properties.port).toEqual({ type: "number", minimum: 1 });
+    expect(schema.properties.token).toEqual({
+      type: "string",
+      writeOnly: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("keeps AI and MCP opt in, the rest opt out", () => {
+    expect(onSurface({}, "assistant")).toBe(false);
+    expect(onSurface({}, "mcp")).toBe(false);
+    expect(onSurface({}, "cli")).toBe(true);
+    expect(onSurface({ surfaces: { assistant: true } }, "assistant")).toBe(
+      true,
+    );
+    expect(onSurface({ surfaces: { cli: false } }, "cli")).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("matches invokes patterns", () => {
+    expect(invokeAllowed(["docker.*"], "docker.stop")).toBe(true);
+    expect(invokeAllowed(["docker.*"], "dockerx.stop")).toBe(false);
+    expect(invokeAllowed(["docker.stop"], "docker.start")).toBe(false);
+    expect(invokeAllowed(["*"], "anything.at-all")).toBe(true);
+    expect(invokeAllowed(undefined, "docker.stop")).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("tests when against a host", () => {
+    const when = { settings: { enableDocker: true }, os: ["linux"] };
+    expect(
+      matchesWhen(when, { settings: { enableDocker: true }, os: "Linux" }),
+    ).toBe(true);
+    expect(matchesWhen(when, { settings: {} })).toBe(false);
+    expect(
+      matchesWhen(when, { settings: { enableDocker: true }, os: "windows" }),
+    ).toBe(false);
+    expect(matchesWhen(when, { settings: { enableDocker: true } })).toBe(true);
+  });
+});

src/backend/utils/auth-manager.ts

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { inArray, isNotNull } from "drizzle-orm";
 import type { ExternalSessionRef } from "../auth/types.js";
 import { listSecondFactors } from "../auth/registry.js";
 import { SECOND_FACTOR_SETUP } from "../auth/policy.js";
+import { keyScopeAllows, parseKeyScopes } from "../operations/key-scopes.js";
 import type { DeviceType } from "./user-agent-parser.js";
 import { getDb } from "../database/db/index.js";
 import { sessions } from "../database/db/schema.js";
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ interface AuthenticatedRequest extends Request {
   userId?: string;
   sessionId?: string;
   apiKeyId?: string;
+  apiKeyScopes?: string[] | null;
   pendingTOTP?: boolean;
   dataKey?: Buffer;
   actingAdminUserId?: string;
@@ -879,8 +881,18 @@ class AuthManager {
           });
         });
 
+      const scopes = parseKeyScopes(matchedKey.scopes);
+      if (!keyScopeAllows(scopes, req.method, req.originalUrl ?? "")) {
+        res.status(403).json({
+          error: "This API key may not use this route",
+          code: "API_KEY_SCOPE",
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+
       req.userId = matchedKey.userId;
       req.apiKeyId = matchedKey.id;
+      req.apiKeyScopes = scopes;
       next();
     } catch (error) {
       databaseLogger.error("API key authentication failed", error, {

src/backend/utils/permission-catalog.ts

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ export const PERMISSION_CATALOG: PermissionCatalogEntry[] = [
       "admin.roles.manage",
       "admin.settings.manage",
       "admin.sessions.manage",
+      "admin.operations.view",
       "admin.plugins.manage",
     ],
   },

src/ui/locales/en.json

@@ -1214,6 +1214,18 @@
         "title": "Send alerts",
         "consequence": "To you or other users, and through the channels they set up."
       },
+      "operations:provide": {
+        "title": "Offer actions",
+        "consequence": "Its actions can be run from Automations, the CLI, the phone app and other places, by people allowed to use them."
+      },
+      "operations:invoke": {
+        "title": "Run other plugins' actions",
+        "consequence": "Acts for the signed-in user on the actions its manifest lists. Approval rules still apply."
+      },
+      "operations:approve": {
+        "title": "Decide what needs approval",
+        "consequence": "Can let actions run with no approval, or block them, for every user."
+      },
       "notify:hub": {
         "title": "Receive every alert",
         "consequence": "Stores and delivers the alerts all plugins send, including their contents."