make the repository layer engine-agnostic (#1127)

DatabaseContext handed every repository a raw better-sqlite3 handle alongside
drizzle, and three of them used it for retention queries built on datetime('now',
?) — a SQLite-only function. That handle is the one thing standing between the
repository layer and a second engine.

Drop it. The two time-based prunes compute their cutoff in JS against the
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP text format, which every engine writes the same way and which
compares correctly as a string; the health-history prune becomes a select of the
rows to keep followed by a NOT IN delete. All three turn async, so their two
callers await them.

Name the dialect rather than repeating a string literal, so adding an engine is
one edit instead of a search.

Tests built their schema through context.sqlite?.exec(). Optional chaining meant
removing the field type-checked cleanly and then silently created no tables, so
the fixture now owns exec() and a raw handle for direct assertions — schema setup
belongs to the test harness, not to the interface repositories consume.

No behaviour change, and no Postgres yet: this only removes the coupling that
would have to be undone first.

src/backend/database/repositories/alert-repository.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { and, count, desc, eq, inArray, isNull, or } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { and, count, desc, eq, inArray, isNull, lt, or } from "drizzle-orm";
 import {
   alertFirings,
   alertRuleChannels,
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   notificationChannels,
 } from "../db/schema.js";
 import type { DatabaseContext } from "./database-context.js";
+import { sqlTimestampDaysAgo } from "./sql-timestamp.js";
 
 type AlertRuleRecord = typeof alertRules.$inferSelect;
 type NotificationChannelRecord = typeof notificationChannels.$inferSelect;
@@ -411,12 +412,15 @@ export class AlertRepository {
     await this.afterWrite();
   }
 
-  pruneFiringsOlderThan(userId: string, days: number): void {
+  async pruneFiringsOlderThan(userId: string, days: number): Promise<void> {
-    this.context.sqlite
+    await this.context.drizzle
-      ?.prepare(
+      .delete(alertFirings)
-        "DELETE FROM alert_firings WHERE user_id = ? AND fired_at < datetime('now', ?)",
+      .where(
-      )
+        and(
-      .run(userId, `-${days} days`);
+          eq(alertFirings.userId, userId),
+          lt(alertFirings.firedAt, sqlTimestampDaysAgo(days)),
+        ),
+      );
   }
 
   async deleteByUserId(userId: string): Promise<{

src/backend/database/repositories/database-context.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,22 @@
 import type { BetterSQLite3Database } from "drizzle-orm/better-sqlite3";
-import type { Database as BetterSqliteDatabase } from "better-sqlite3";
 import type * as schema from "../db/schema.js";
 
+/**
+ * Engines the repository layer can run against. SQLite is the only one wired up
+ * today; the alias exists so that adding another is a change in one place
+ * rather than a hunt for string literals.
+ */
+export type DatabaseDialect = "sqlite";
+
+/**
+ * What a repository is allowed to touch.
+ *
+ * Deliberately drizzle-only: with no raw driver handle here, no repository can
+ * reach for engine-specific SQL. Retention queries that previously needed
+ * `datetime('now', ?)` compute their cutoff in JS instead — see
+ * ./sql-timestamp.ts.
+ */
 export interface DatabaseContext {
-  dialect: "sqlite";
+  dialect: DatabaseDialect;
   drizzle: BetterSQLite3Database<typeof schema>;
-  sqlite?: BetterSqliteDatabase;
 }

src/backend/database/repositories/factory.ts

@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ export function createCurrentRepositoryContext(): DatabaseContext {
   return {
     dialect: "sqlite",
     drizzle: getDb(),
-    sqlite: getSqlite(),
   };
 }
 
@@ -59,6 +58,12 @@ export function createCurrentRepositoryWriteHook(
   return () => DatabaseSaveTrigger.forceSave(reason);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Raw driver handle for the few synchronous call sites that cannot await —
+ * getCurrentSettingValue below, and settings reads during startup. Repositories
+ * must not use this: they take a DatabaseContext, which is drizzle-only.
+ * Porting to another engine means giving these callers an async path first.
+ */
 export function getCurrentRepositorySqlite() {
   return getSqlite();
 }

src/backend/database/repositories/host-health-repository.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { and, desc, eq } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { and, desc, eq, notInArray } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { hostHealthChecks, hostHealthHistory } from "../db/schema.js";
 import type { DatabaseContext } from "./database-context.js";
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ export class HostHealthRepository {
       })),
     );
 
-    this.pruneHistory(userId, hostId, keep);
+    await this.pruneHistory(userId, hostId, keep);
     await this.afterWrite();
     return results.length;
   }
@@ -141,21 +141,37 @@ export class HostHealthRepository {
     };
   }
 
-  private pruneHistory(userId: string, hostId: number, keep: number): void {
+  /** Keeps the newest `keep` rows for the host and drops the rest. */
-    this.context.sqlite
+  private async pruneHistory(
-      ?.prepare(
+    userId: string,
-        `DELETE FROM host_health_history
+    hostId: number,
-         WHERE id IN (
+    keep: number,
-           SELECT id FROM host_health_history
+  ): Promise<void> {
-           WHERE user_id = ? AND host_id = ?
+    const scope = and(
-           AND id NOT IN (
+      eq(hostHealthHistory.userId, userId),
-             SELECT id FROM host_health_history
+      eq(hostHealthHistory.hostId, hostId),
-             WHERE user_id = ? AND host_id = ?
+    );
-             ORDER BY ts DESC LIMIT ?
+
-           )
+    const retained = await this.context.drizzle
-         )`,
+      .select({ id: hostHealthHistory.id })
-      )
+      .from(hostHealthHistory)
-      .run(userId, hostId, userId, hostId, keep);
+      .where(scope)
+      .orderBy(desc(hostHealthHistory.ts))
+      .limit(keep);
+
+    // Nothing retained means nothing to keep back, so the scope alone is the
+    // delete condition.
+    await this.context.drizzle.delete(hostHealthHistory).where(
+      retained.length
+        ? and(
+            scope,
+            notInArray(
+              hostHealthHistory.id,
+              retained.map((row) => row.id),
+            ),
+          )
+        : scope,
+    );
   }
 
   private async afterWrite(): Promise<void> {

src/backend/database/repositories/host-metrics-history-repository.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-import { and, asc, eq, gte, lte } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { and, asc, eq, gte, lt, lte } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { hostMetricsHistory } from "../db/schema.js";
 import type { DatabaseContext } from "./database-context.js";
+import { sqlTimestampDaysAgo } from "./sql-timestamp.js";
 
 export type HostMetricsHistoryRecord = typeof hostMetricsHistory.$inferSelect;
 
@@ -32,12 +33,15 @@ export class HostMetricsHistoryRepository {
     await this.afterWrite();
   }
 
-  pruneOlderThan(hostId: number, retentionDays: number): void {
+  async pruneOlderThan(hostId: number, retentionDays: number): Promise<void> {
-    this.context.sqlite
+    await this.context.drizzle
-      ?.prepare(
+      .delete(hostMetricsHistory)
-        "DELETE FROM host_metrics_history WHERE host_id = ? AND ts < datetime('now', ?)",
+      .where(
-      )
+        and(
-      .run(hostId, `-${retentionDays} days`);
+          eq(hostMetricsHistory.hostId, hostId),
+          lt(hostMetricsHistory.ts, sqlTimestampDaysAgo(retentionDays)),
+        ),
+      );
   }
 
   async listRange(

src/backend/database/repositories/sql-timestamp.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/**
+ * Timestamp columns are stored as text defaulting to `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`, which
+ * every supported engine writes as `YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS` in UTC. That format
+ * sorts lexicographically in time order, so retention cutoffs can be plain
+ * string comparisons.
+ *
+ * Computing the cutoff here rather than with `datetime('now', ?)` keeps the
+ * queries free of engine-specific date functions.
+ */
+export function sqlTimestampDaysAgo(
+  days: number,
+  now: Date = new Date(),
+): string {
+  const cutoff = new Date(now.getTime() - days * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000);
+  return formatSqlTimestamp(cutoff);
+}
+
+export function formatSqlTimestamp(date: Date): string {
+  return date.toISOString().slice(0, 19).replace("T", " ");
+}

src/backend/hosts/metrics/alert-engine.ts

@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ export class AlertEngine {
         severity: context.severity,
       });
 
-      repository.pruneFiringsOlderThan(rule.userId, 30);
+      await repository.pruneFiringsOlderThan(rule.userId, 30);
     } catch (err) {
       statsLogger.warn("Failed to write alert firing", {
         operation: "alert_firing_insert_error",

src/backend/hosts/metrics/index.ts

@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ class PollingManager {
       });
 
       const retentionDays = this.getRetentionDays();
-      repository.pruneOlderThan(hostId, retentionDays);
+      await repository.pruneOlderThan(hostId, retentionDays);
     } catch (err) {
       statsLogger.warn("Failed to write metrics history", {
         operation: "insert_metrics_history",

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/alert-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("AlertRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<AlertRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ describe("AlertRepository", () => {
     expect(unacknowledged.total).toBe(0);
 
     await repo.acknowledgeAllFirings("user-1");
-    repo.pruneFiringsOlderThan("user-1", 0);
+    await repo.pruneFiringsOlderThan("user-1", 0);
   });
 
   it("loads enabled rules and notification channels for the alert engine", async () => {

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/api-key-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("ApiKeyRepository", () => {
   }> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/audit-log-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("AuditLogRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<AuditLogRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/c2s-tunnel-preset-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("C2sTunnelPresetRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<C2sTunnelPresetRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/command-history-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("CommandHistoryRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<CommandHistoryRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/dashboard-service-link-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("DashboardServiceLinkRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<DashboardServiceLinkRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/dismissed-alert-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("DismissedAlertRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<DismissedAlertRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/file-manager-bookmark-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("FileManagerBookmarkRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<FileManagerBookmarkRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/homepage-item-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("HomepageItemRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<HomepageItemRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/homepage-layout-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("HomepageLayoutRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<HomepageLayoutRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/host-credential-repositories.test.ts

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe("HostRepository and CredentialRepository", () => {
   }> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ describe("HostRepository and CredentialRepository", () => {
     return {
       credentials: new CredentialRepository(context, onCredentialWrite),
       hosts: new HostRepository(context, onHostWrite),
-      sqlite: context.sqlite!,
+      sqlite: adapter.raw,
     };
   }
 

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/host-folder-repository.test.ts

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe("HostFolderRepository", () => {
   }> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ describe("HostFolderRepository", () => {
 
     return {
       repository: new HostFolderRepository(context, onWrite),
-      sqlite: context.sqlite!,
+      sqlite: adapter.raw,
     };
   }
 

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/host-health-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("HostHealthRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<HostHealthRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/host-metrics-history-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("HostMetricsHistoryRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<HostMetricsHistoryRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE hosts (
         id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
         user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ describe("HostMetricsHistoryRepository", () => {
   it("prunes old history for a host only", async () => {
     const repo = await createRepository();
 
-    repo.pruneOlderThan(1, 1);
+    await repo.pruneOlderThan(1, 1);
 
     const rows = await repo.listRange(
       1,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/host-metrics-preference-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("HostMetricsPreferenceRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<HostMetricsPreferenceRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/host-resolution-repository.test.ts

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe("HostResolutionRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<HostResolutionRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/network-topology-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("NetworkTopologyRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<NetworkTopologyRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/open-tab-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("OpenTabRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<OpenTabRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/opkssh-token-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("OpksshTokenRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<OpksshTokenRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/rbac-access-repository.test.ts

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe("RbacAccessRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<RbacAccessRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/recent-activity-repository.test.ts

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe("RecentActivityRepository", () => {
   }> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ describe("RecentActivityRepository", () => {
 
     return {
       repository: new RecentActivityRepository(context, onWrite),
-      sqlite: context.sqlite!,
+      sqlite: adapter.raw,
     };
   }
 

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/role-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("RoleRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<RoleRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/session-recording-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("SessionRecordingRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<SessionRecordingRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/session-share-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("SessionShareRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<SessionShareRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/settings-repository.test.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ describe("SettingsRepository", () => {
   async function createRepository(): Promise<SettingsRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE settings (
         key TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         value TEXT NOT NULL

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/shared-host-secrets-repository.test.ts

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe("SharedHostSecretsRepository", () => {
   }> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite!.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE host_access (
         id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
         host_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ describe("SharedHostSecretsRepository", () => {
 
     return {
       repository: new SharedHostSecretsRepository(context, onWrite),
-      sqlite: context.sqlite!,
+      sqlite: adapter.raw,
     };
   }
 

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/snippet-repository.test.ts

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe("SnippetRepository", () => {
   }> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE snippets (
         id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
         user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ describe("SnippetRepository", () => {
 
     return {
       repository: new SnippetRepository(context, onWrite),
-      sqlite: context.sqlite!,
+      sqlite: adapter.raw,
     };
   }
 

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/sql-timestamp.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import {
+  formatSqlTimestamp,
+  sqlTimestampDaysAgo,
+} from "../../../database/repositories/sql-timestamp.js";
+
+describe("sql timestamps", () => {
+  it("matches the CURRENT_TIMESTAMP text format", () => {
+    expect(formatSqlTimestamp(new Date("2026-07-28T01:23:45.678Z"))).toBe(
+      "2026-07-28 01:23:45",
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("subtracts whole days in UTC", () => {
+    const now = new Date("2026-07-28T01:23:45.000Z");
+
+    expect(sqlTimestampDaysAgo(7, now)).toBe("2026-07-21 01:23:45");
+    expect(sqlTimestampDaysAgo(30, now)).toBe("2026-06-28 01:23:45");
+    expect(sqlTimestampDaysAgo(0, now)).toBe("2026-07-28 01:23:45");
+  });
+
+  it("crosses month and year boundaries", () => {
+    expect(sqlTimestampDaysAgo(1, new Date("2026-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"))).toBe(
+      "2025-12-31 00:00:00",
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("stays lexicographically ordered, which is what the cutoff comparison relies on", () => {
+    const now = new Date("2026-07-28T01:23:45.000Z");
+    const older = sqlTimestampDaysAgo(30, now);
+    const newer = sqlTimestampDaysAgo(7, now);
+
+    expect(older < newer).toBe(true);
+    expect(newer < formatSqlTimestamp(now)).toBe(true);
+  });
+});

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/ssh-credential-usage-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("SshCredentialUsageRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<SshCredentialUsageRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/sso-provider-repository.test.ts

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ describe("SsoProviderRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<SsoProviderRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    sqlite = context.sqlite;
+    sqlite = adapter.raw;
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/sync-tombstone-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("SyncTombstoneRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<SyncTombstoneRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ describe("SyncTombstoneRepository", () => {
     const adapterLocal = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     adapter = adapterLocal;
     const context = await adapterLocal.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/termix-identity-ca-repository.test.ts

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ describe("TermixIdentityCaRepository", () => {
   }> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ describe("TermixIdentityCaRepository", () => {
 
     return {
       repo: new TermixIdentityCaRepository(context, onWrite),
-      sqlite: context.sqlite!,
+      sqlite: adapter.raw,
       onWrite,
     };
   }

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/termix-identity-repository.test.ts

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe("TermixIdentityRepository", () => {
   }> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/test-support.ts

@@ -15,12 +15,31 @@ export class TestSqliteDatabase {
     this.context = {
       dialect: "sqlite",
       drizzle: drizzle(this.sqlite, { schema }),
-      sqlite: this.sqlite,
     };
 
     return this.context;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Schema setup for tests. Lives on the fixture rather than on
+   * DatabaseContext, which is drizzle-only so that no repository can reach for
+   * engine-specific SQL.
+   */
+  /** Raw handle for assertions that read the database directly. Tests only. */
+  get raw(): Database.Database {
+    if (!this.sqlite) {
+      throw new Error("connect() must be called before raw access");
+    }
+    return this.sqlite;
+  }
+
+  exec(sql: string): void {
+    if (!this.sqlite) {
+      throw new Error("connect() must be called before exec()");
+    }
+    this.sqlite.exec(sql);
+  }
+
   async close(): Promise<void> {
     if (this.sqlite) {
       this.sqlite.close();

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/tmux-session-tag-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("TmuxSessionTagRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<TmuxSessionTagRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/transfer-recent-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("TransferRecentRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<TransferRecentRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/trusted-device-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("TrustedDeviceRepository", () => {
   }> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/user-data-export-repository.test.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ describe("UserDataExportRepository", () => {
   async function createRepository(): Promise<UserDataExportRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/user-preference-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("UserPreferenceRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<UserPreferenceRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/user-session-repositories.test.ts

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ describe("UserRepository and SessionRepository", () => {
   }> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/vault-profile-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("VaultProfileRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<VaultProfileRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,

src/backend/tests/database/repositories/vault-token-repository.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe("VaultTokenRepository", () => {
   ): Promise<VaultTokenRepository> {
     adapter = new TestSqliteDatabase();
     const context = await adapter.connect();
-    context.sqlite?.exec(`
+    adapter.exec(`
       CREATE TABLE users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,